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learning test Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition

A

mental activities associated with thinking

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2
Q

concept

A

mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, and people

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3
Q

prototype

A

mental image or best example of a category

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4
Q

creativity

A

the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable

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5
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

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6
Q

divergent thinking

A

creative thinking that diverges in different solutions

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7
Q

what are the 5 components of creativity

A

expertise, imaginative thinking skills, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, a creative environment

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8
Q

what is expertise

A

well-developed base of knowledge

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9
Q

what are imaginative thinking skills

A

a person who seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and preservers in overcoming obstacles

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10
Q

what are imaginative thinking skillls

A

they provide the ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections

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11
Q

what is intrinsic motivation

A

being driven more by interest, satisfaction, and challenge that by external pressures

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12
Q

what does a creative environment do?

A

spark, supports, and refines creative ideas

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13
Q

Algorithms

A

step by step procedures that guarantee a solution

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14
Q

Heuristics?

A

simpler thinking strategies

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15
Q

Insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy based solutions

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16
Q

confirmation bias

A

idea that we more eagerly seek out and favor evidence verifying our ideas than evidence refuting them

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17
Q

mental set

A

our tendency to approach a problem with the mind set of has worked of use previously

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18
Q

intuition

A

our fast, automatic, unreasoned feelings and thoughts

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19
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well tjeu seem to represent or match particular prototypes

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20
Q

avaliability hueristic

A

when we estimate the likelihood of events based on how mentally available they are for example when we win at a casino lights flash making it memorable

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21
Q

overconfidence

A

tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgements

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22
Q

belief perseverance

A

clinging to their belief even though they have been riven wrong

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23
Q

framing

A

the way we present an issue, sways our decisions and judgments

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24
Q

learning

A

process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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25
Q

habituates

A

an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated pressure to it

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26
Q

associative learning

A

when you link two events together

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27
Q

classical conditioning

A

we learn to associate two things and then to anticipate an event

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28
Q

operant conditioning

A

when we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence

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29
Q

cognitive learning

A

acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching there, or through language

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30
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

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31
Q

neural stimulus (NS)

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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32
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

an unlearned, natural occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus) (such as food in the mouth)

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33
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but new conditioned) stimulus (CS)

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34
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

in classical conditioning, an irrelevant stimulus, that after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. Such as a bell ringing at first and nothing happens then eventually it rings and there is food

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35
Q

acquisition

A

when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

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36
Q

high order conditioning

A

when a new stimulus such as a light replaces a beep that signals food

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37
Q

extinction

A

the diminish responding that occurs when the CS or tone no longer signals and impending US food

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38
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause

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39
Q

discrimination

A

the learn debility to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus

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40
Q

operant conditioning

A

when organisms associate their own actions with consequences

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41
Q

classical conditioning does what

A

forms associations between a CS and the US it signals, also involves respondent behavior of actions that are automatic responses such as salivating in response to meat powder and later in response to tone

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42
Q

law of effect

A

rewarded behavior is likely to occur

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43
Q

reinforcement

A

an event that strengthens a proceeding response or behavior that follows

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44
Q

shaping

A

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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45
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

stimuli that signal that a response will be reinforced

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46
Q

positive reinforcement

A

strengthens a response by present a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response

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47
Q

negative reinforcement

A

strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative

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48
Q

negative reinforcement removes what

A

a punsihing event, provides relief from the whining teenager, bad headache, or annoying alarm

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49
Q

primary reinforcers

A

one that satisfies a biological need such as hunger, food would be one

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50
Q

condtioned reinforcers

A

or secondary reinforcers, get their power through learned associations ith primary reinforcers

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51
Q

reinforcement schedules

A

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

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52
Q

continuos reinforcment

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs, such as getting hcolate for not sitting in sheldons seat

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53
Q

fixed ratio schedules

A

reinforce behavior after a set number of responses

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54
Q

variable ratio schedules

A

provide reinforcers after a seemingly unpredictable number of reposes, such as gambling you don’t know when it will come

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55
Q

fixed interval schedules

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

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56
Q

variable interval schedule

A

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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57
Q

punishment

A

any consequence that decreases the frequency of of a preceding behavior, not like reinforcement positive or negative tha increases a bahavior

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58
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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59
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences

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60
Q

cognitive map

A

mental representation of the layout of ones environment

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61
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

62
Q

insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

63
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

64
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid punishment

65
Q

coping

A

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

66
Q

problem focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

67
Q

emotion focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction, basically when we cannot or believe we cannot change a situation

68
Q

learned helplessness

A

feeling helpless and oppressed may lead to astute of passive aggressiveness

69
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces determine their fate

70
Q

internal locus of control

A

who believe that they control their own destiny

71
Q

self control

A

the ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification

72
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others

73
Q

modelin

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

74
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons that fire when performing certain cations or when observing another doing son. brains mirroring of another’s actions may enable imitation and empathy

75
Q

prosocial behavior

A

positive constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior

76
Q

reversed Cards

mental activities associated with thinking

A

Cognition

77
Q

reversed Cards

mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, and people

A

concept

78
Q

reversed Cards

mental image or best example of a category

A

prototype

79
Q

reversed Cards

the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable

A

creativity

80
Q

reversed Cards

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

A

convergent thinking

81
Q

reversed Cards

creative thinking that diverges in different solutions

A

divergent thinking

82
Q

reversed Cards

expertise, imaginative thinking skills, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, a creative environment

A

what are the 5 components of creativity

83
Q

reversed Cards

well-developed base of knowledge

A

what is expertise

84
Q

reversed Cards

a person who seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and preservers in overcoming obstacles

A

what are imaginative thinking skills

85
Q

reversed Cards

they provide the ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections

A

what are imaginative thinking skillls

86
Q

reversed Cards

being driven more by interest, satisfaction, and challenge that by external pressures

A

what is intrinsic motivation

87
Q

reversed Cards

spark, supports, and refines creative ideas

A

what does a creative environment do?

88
Q

reversed Cards

step by step procedures that guarantee a solution

A

Algorithms

89
Q

reversed Cards

simpler thinking strategies

A

Heuristics?

90
Q

reversed Cards

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy based solutions

A

Insight

91
Q

reversed Cards

idea that we more eagerly seek out and favor evidence verifying our ideas than evidence refuting them

A

confirmation bias

92
Q

reversed Cards

our tendency to approach a problem with the mind set of has worked of use previously

A

mental set

93
Q

reversed Cards

our fast, automatic, unreasoned feelings and thoughts

A

intuition

94
Q

reversed Cards

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well tjeu seem to represent or match particular prototypes

A

representativeness heuristic

95
Q

reversed Cards

when we estimate the likelihood of events based on how mentally available they are for example when we win at a casino lights flash making it memorable

A

avaliability hueristic

96
Q

reversed Cards

tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgements

A

overconfidence

97
Q

reversed Cards

clinging to their belief even though they have been riven wrong

A

belief perseverance

98
Q

reversed Cards

the way we present an issue, sways our decisions and judgments

A

framing

99
Q

reversed Cards

process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

A

learning

100
Q

reversed Cards

an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated pressure to it

A

habituates

101
Q

reversed Cards

when you link two events together

A

associative learning

102
Q

reversed Cards

we learn to associate two things and then to anticipate an event

A

classical conditioning

103
Q

reversed Cards

when we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence

A

operant conditioning

104
Q

reversed Cards

acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching there, or through language

A

cognitive learning

105
Q

reversed Cards

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

A

behaviorism

106
Q

reversed Cards

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

A

neural stimulus (NS)

107
Q

reversed Cards

an unlearned, natural occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus) (such as food in the mouth)

A

unconditioned response (UR)

108
Q

reversed Cards

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but new conditioned) stimulus (CS)

A

Conditioned Response (CR)

109
Q

reversed Cards

in classical conditioning, an irrelevant stimulus, that after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. Such as a bell ringing at first and nothing happens then eventually it rings and there is food

A

conditioned stimulus (CS)

110
Q

reversed Cards

when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

A

acquisition

111
Q

reversed Cards

when a new stimulus such as a light replaces a beep that signals food

A

high order conditioning

112
Q

reversed Cards

the diminish responding that occurs when the CS or tone no longer signals and impending US food

A

extinction

113
Q

reversed Cards

the reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause

A

spontaneous recovery

114
Q

reversed Cards

the learn debility to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus

A

discrimination

115
Q

reversed Cards

when organisms associate their own actions with consequences

A

operant conditioning

116
Q

reversed Cards

forms associations between a CS and the US it signals, also involves respondent behavior of actions that are automatic responses such as salivating in response to meat powder and later in response to tone

A

classical conditioning does what

117
Q

reversed Cards

rewarded behavior is likely to occur

A

law of effect

118
Q

reversed Cards

an event that strengthens a proceeding response or behavior that follows

A

reinforcement

119
Q

reversed Cards

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

A

shaping

120
Q

reversed Cards

stimuli that signal that a response will be reinforced

A

discriminative stimulus

121
Q

reversed Cards

strengthens a response by present a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response

A

positive reinforcement

122
Q

reversed Cards

strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative

A

negative reinforcement

123
Q

reversed Cards

a punsihing event, provides relief from the whining teenager, bad headache, or annoying alarm

A

negative reinforcement removes what

124
Q

reversed Cards

one that satisfies a biological need such as hunger, food would be one

A

primary reinforcers

125
Q

reversed Cards

or secondary reinforcers, get their power through learned associations ith primary reinforcers

A

condtioned reinforcers

126
Q

reversed Cards

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

A

reinforcement schedules

127
Q

reversed Cards

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs, such as getting hcolate for not sitting in sheldons seat

A

continuos reinforcment

128
Q

reversed Cards

reinforce behavior after a set number of responses

A

fixed ratio schedules

129
Q

reversed Cards

provide reinforcers after a seemingly unpredictable number of reposes, such as gambling you don’t know when it will come

A

variable ratio schedules

130
Q

reversed Cards

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

A

fixed interval schedules

131
Q

reversed Cards

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

A

variable interval schedule

132
Q

reversed Cards

any consequence that decreases the frequency of of a preceding behavior, not like reinforcement positive or negative tha increases a bahavior

A

punishment

133
Q

reversed Cards

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

A

respondent behavior

134
Q

reversed Cards

behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences

A

operant behavior

135
Q

reversed Cards

mental representation of the layout of ones environment

A

cognitive map

136
Q

reversed Cards

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

A

latent learning

137
Q

reversed Cards

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

A

insight

138
Q

reversed Cards

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

A

intrinsic motivation

139
Q

reversed Cards

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid punishment

A

extrinsic motivation

140
Q

reversed Cards

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

A

coping

141
Q

reversed Cards

attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

A

problem focused coping

142
Q

reversed Cards

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction, basically when we cannot or believe we cannot change a situation

A

emotion focused coping

143
Q

reversed Cards

feeling helpless and oppressed may lead to astute of passive aggressiveness

A

learned helplessness

144
Q

reversed Cards

the perception that chance or outside forces determine their fate

A

external locus of control

145
Q

reversed Cards

who believe that they control their own destiny

A

internal locus of control

146
Q

reversed Cards

the ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification

A

self control

147
Q

reversed Cards

learning by observing others

A

observational learning

148
Q

reversed Cards

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

A

modelin

149
Q

reversed Cards

neurons that fire when performing certain cations or when observing another doing son. brains mirroring of another’s actions may enable imitation and empathy

A

mirror neurons

150
Q

reversed Cards

positive constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior

A

prosocial behavior

psychology (17 decks)

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