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psychology > States Of Consciousness > Flashcards

States Of Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

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2
Q

hypnosis

A

a social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person’s (the hypnotist’s) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

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3
Q

posthypnotic suggestion

A

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

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4
Q

dissociation

A

a split in the consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

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5
Q

circadian rhythm

A

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour sleep cycle (ie: of temperature and wakefulness)

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6
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

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7
Q

alpha waves

A

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

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8
Q

sleep

A

periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

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9
Q

hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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10
Q

delta waves

A

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

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11
Q

NREM sleep

A

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

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12
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

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13
Q

insomnia

A

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

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14
Q

narcolepsy

A

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

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15
Q

sleep apnea

A

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

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16
Q

night terrors

A

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

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17
Q

dream

A

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it

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18
Q

manifest content

A

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)

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19
Q

latent content

A

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)

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20
Q

REM rebound

A

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

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21
Q

substance use disorder

A

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

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22
Q

psychoactive drug

A

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

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23
Q

tolerance

A

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

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24
Q

addiction

A

compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences

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25
Q

withdrawal

A

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

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26
Q

depressants

A

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

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27
Q

what is alcohol use disorder also known as

A

alcoholism

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28
Q

alcohol use disorder

A

alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use

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29
Q

barbiturates

A

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

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30
Q

opiates

A

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

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31
Q

stimulants

A

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

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32
Q

amphetamines

A

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

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33
Q

nicotine

A

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

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34
Q

cocaine

A

a powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria

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35
Q

methamphetamine

A

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

36
Q

Ecstasy (MDMA)

A

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition

37
Q

hallucinogens

A

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

38
Q

LSD

A

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

39
Q

near-death experience

A

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

40
Q

THC

A

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

41
Q

William James

A

Coined “stream of consciousness” (continuous, each moment flows into the next)

42
Q

Ernest Hilgard

A

Famous researcher who believed hypnosis not only involves social influence but also a special dual-processing state of disassociation For example: patients who plunge their arms into a freezing bucket of ice water disassociate the feeling of pain with the ice water

43
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Proposed that dreams provide a psychic safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings (manifest content is a censored version of latent content)

44
Q

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

A

consciousness

45
Q

a social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person’s (the hypnotist’s) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

A

hypnosis

46
Q

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

A

posthypnotic suggestion

47
Q

a split in the consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

A

dissociation

48
Q

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour sleep cycle (ie: of temperature and wakefulness)

A

circadian rhythm

49
Q

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

A

REM sleep

50
Q

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

A

alpha waves

51
Q

periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

A

sleep

52
Q

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

A

hallucinations

53
Q

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

A

delta waves

54
Q

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

A

NREM sleep

55
Q

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

56
Q

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

A

insomnia

57
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

A

narcolepsy

58
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

A

sleep apnea

59
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

A

night terrors

60
Q

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it

A

dream

61
Q

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)

A

manifest content

62
Q

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)

A

latent content

63
Q

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

A

REM rebound

64
Q

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

A

substance use disorder

65
Q

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

A

psychoactive drug

66
Q

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

A

tolerance

67
Q

compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences

A

addiction

68
Q

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

A

withdrawal

69
Q

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

A

depressants

70
Q

alcoholism

A

what is alcohol use disorder also known as

71
Q

alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use

A

alcohol use disorder

72
Q

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

A

barbiturates

73
Q

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

A

opiates

74
Q

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

A

stimulants

75
Q

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

A

amphetamines

76
Q

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

A

nicotine

77
Q

a powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria

A

cocaine

78
Q

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

A

methamphetamine

79
Q

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition

A

Ecstasy (MDMA)

80
Q

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

A

hallucinogens

81
Q

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

A

LSD

82
Q

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

A

near-death experience

83
Q

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

A

THC

84
Q

Coined “stream of consciousness” (continuous, each moment flows into the next)

A

William James

85
Q

Famous researcher who believed hypnosis not only involves social influence but also a special dual-processing state of disassociation For example: patients who plunge their arms into a freezing bucket of ice water disassociate the feeling of pain with the ice water

A

Ernest Hilgard

86
Q

Proposed that dreams provide a psychic safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings (manifest content is a censored version of latent content)

A

Sigmund Freud

psychology (17 decks)

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