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Embryology > urogenital one > Flashcards

urogenital one Flashcards

1
Q

what is origin of urogenital system?

A

the intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

what part of primordia becomes male?

A

mesonephric

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3
Q

what part of primordia becomes female?

A

paramesonephric

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4
Q

what does intermediate mesoderm form on either side of the aorta?

A

urogenital ridge

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5
Q

where is intermediate mesoderm?

A

between somites and lateral plate mesoderm

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6
Q

how does urogenital ridge form?

A

with lateral folding of embryo, intermediate mesoderm bulges into the peritoneal cavity

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7
Q

what two structures are formed in urogenital ridge?

A

nephrogenic cord (kidney) and gonadal ridge (genital)

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8
Q

what three sequential kidneys does nephrogenic cord form from head to tail?

A
  1. pronephros
  2. mesonephros
  3. metanephros
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9
Q

what is mesonephric duct?

A

embryonic ureter

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10
Q

what is metanephric diverticulum?

A

basis of our kidney

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11
Q

role of pronephros

A

forekidney; rudimentary, nonfunctional, 4th week

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12
Q

role of mesonephros

A

midkidney -(second month) temporary, functional, amphibians, ducts are conserved as male genital ducts and become efferent ductules of testes

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13
Q

role of metanephros

A

hindkidney - permanent, developed at 5th week. will become permanent kidneys

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14
Q

permanent kidneys develop from two source:

A

metanephric diverticulum or ureteric bud

metanephric mass of intermediate mesoderm

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15
Q

ureteric bud

A

primordium of ureter, renal pelvis, calices, and collecting tubules in the pyramids (collecting system)

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16
Q

metanephric mass of intermediate mesoderm

A

will differentiate into kidney nephrons.

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17
Q

what becomes ureter

A

the stalk of utereric bud

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18
Q

what will distal portion of ureteric bud do?

A

undego repetitive branching

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19
Q

what is transcription factor WT1?

A

regulates synthesis of Glial-derivid neurotrophic factor (GDNF) which induces branching of ureteric bud

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20
Q

how long do ureteric buds develop?

A

continue to bifurcate until 32nd week, producing 1 to 3 million collecting ducts

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21
Q

until when are nephrons formed?

A

until birth. after birth they increase in size, not in number

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22
Q

how does differentiation of nephrons start

A

with metanephric tissue cap, which differentiatews into metanephric vesicles, which form s-shaped metanephric tubules. proximal end of tubules is invaginated by small blood vessels. capillaries differentiate into glomerulus. metanephric vesicles and tubules become bownman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule.

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23
Q

kidney ascent

A

mesonephros degenerates as kidney ascends. due to embryo growth.

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24
Q

what hooks up to kidneys as they ascend?

A

sequential arteries. some may persist. kidney becomes retroperineal.

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25
Q

when do metanephric kidney and glomerular filtration begin to work?

A

at approx week 9.

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26
Q

are fetal kidneys responsible for waste excretion?

A

no. placenta does this.

27
Q

urorectal septum

A

divides cloaca into rectum and urogenital sinus with bladder, pelvic and phallic parts

28
Q

origing of bladder and urethra

A

endodermal cloaca

29
Q

how is cloaca partitioned?

A

dorsal portion: rectum and anal canal

ventral portion: bladder and urogenital sinus

30
Q

what does urogenital sinus give rise to?

A

bladder and lower urogenital tracts

31
Q

indifferent stage of sexual development

A

early genital development. gonads do not begin to attain sexual characteristics until week 7. external genitalia do not acquire distinct masculine or femininte char. until week 12

32
Q

primordial germ cells visible when and where

A

4 weeks in yolk sac

33
Q

primordial germ cells migrate into

A

along dorsal mesentery into gonadal ridges. if they do not migrate, gonads do NOT develop.

34
Q

indifferent gonads

A

indentical in both sexes before week seven. development begins with gonadal ridge. then will consist of cortex and medulla.

35
Q

germ cells migrate along dorsal mesentery and

A

by week six, induce differentiation of the gonad into testis or ovary

36
Q

paramesonephric ducts

A

form during week six lateral to mesonephric ducts

37
Q

what are primary sex cords?

A

fingerlike projections of epithelial cells that grow into mesenchyme of the gonadal ridge and form cortex and medulla

38
Q

what does cortex develop into?

A

ovary in embryos with XX chromosomes. medulla declines.

39
Q

what does medulla develop into?

A

testes in embryos with XY chromosomes. cortex regresses.

40
Q

testis development steps

A

a. paramesonephric duct degenerates
b. primary sex cords become seminiferous cords, filled with sertoli cells.
c. mesonephric duct becomes ductus deferens

41
Q

ovary development steps

A

a. mesonephric ducts degenerate
b. secondary sex cords - cortical cords break up inhto primordial follicles
c. no tunica albuginea
two paramesonephric ducts fuse in midline to form uterus

42
Q

what tissue is involved in external genital development?

A

mesoderm and ectoderm around cloacal membrane

43
Q

primordial tissues of external genitalia from from

A
  1. a pair of labrioscrotal folds
  2. a pair of genital folds
  3. an anterior genital tubercle
44
Q

genital tubercle

A

forms a primordial phallus

45
Q

genital folds

A

inner and outer extend dorsally from genital tubercle.

46
Q

urogenital folds

A

inner folds

47
Q

labioscrotal folds

A

develop on each side of urogenital folds. grow toward each other and fuse to form scrotum.

48
Q

differentiation of female genitalia

A

genital tubecle elongates and eventually becomes clitoris
urogenital folds form labia minora
labioscrotal folds become labial majora

49
Q

prepuce

A

foreskin

50
Q

origin of penile urethra

A

ventral fusion of the urogenital sinus

51
Q

original of navicular fossa in glas

A

ectodermal invagination from end of penis

52
Q

how does mesonephros change function?

A

from urinary to genital in the male

53
Q

what can improper interaction of epithelium and mesoderm lead to in the development of the metanephric kidney?

A

lack of glomerular development

54
Q

cause of ectopic kidneys

A

result of an incomplete or missing ascent (kidney is stuck in pelvis)

55
Q

what is hydronephrosis?

A

(enlarged renal pelvis) swelling of one kidney due to a backup of urine by the compressed ureter. artery blocks ureter. urine passage from kidney is blocked by renal artery. renal veins can also cause it. surgical treatment.

56
Q

crossed kidney/ crossed ectopia

A

kidney migrates to the other side so that both kidneys are on same side

57
Q

horseshoe kidney

A

two kidneys become fused in ascent. in more than 90% of cases, fusion occurs along lower pole. normally asumptomatic.

58
Q

duplex kidney

A

the development of an extra kidney or partially fused kidney on one side or the other. a kidney can also have two ureters.

59
Q

POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

A

ARPKD, autosomal recessive disease.
multiple fluid filled cysts form in kidneys. 1:2000 births. lethal if not treat by transplantation.
thought to be caused by abnormal cell proliferation in the tubule cells that leads to blockage of the tubules resulting in fluid build-up in segments of the tubules.

60
Q

how is PKD treated?

A

control high blood pressure
surgery to reduce pain
antibiotics to resolve infections

61
Q

female pseudohermaphroditism

A

(male external genitalia in female)
intersexual condition: chromosomally and gonadally female with XX karyotype
1:10,000 births
cause: mother exposed to excessive androgens
congenital adrenal hyperplasia
usually no ovarian abnorality, but excessive production of testosterone
masculinizing materla tumors also cause this

62
Q

congeintal adrenal hyperplasia

A

autosomal recessive, decreased synthesis of cortisol due to an enzyme deficiency

63
Q

male pseudohermaphroditism

A

intersexual condition. XY, 1:10,000
ext. and int. genitalia are variable caused by variations in devt of external genitalia and paramesonephric ducts

caused by inadequate production of testosterone or reduced tissue responsiveness in the fetus

this can be caused by genetic defects in enzymatic production of testosterone by fetal testes and interstitial cells of testes

64
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

A 
1:20,000
normal appearing female but XY
masculinization of male genitalia in fetus is impaired
external ge. are female
uterus doesnt work
amenorrhea
testes in abdomen

results from fact that target male reproductive cells are resistant to testosterone (androgen receptor problem)

Embryology (41 decks)

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