REVISION DECK

Question 1

Define: social relationship

Answer 1

The connection or association between two or more people, especially with regard to how they think, feel and behave towards each other

Question 2

Define: diffusion of responsibility

Answer 2

The belief that, in a situation where help is required and others are present, responsibility is spread across the whole group, leading each individual to feel less responsible for helping than when alone because they assume that someone else will take on responsibility for helping.

Question 3

Aggression: main assumption of the biological perspective?

Answer 3

Assumes aggression has a biological basis and it is therefore influenced by our genes, biochemistry and neural influences

Question 4

Define: social learning theory

Answer 4

A description and explanation of how learning occurs that takes account of the situation in which the learning occurs

Question 5

Aggression: main assumption of the ethological perspective?

Answer 5

Aggression is instinctive and has adaptive and survival functions

Question 6

Define: deinvididuation

Answer 6

the loss of individuality, or sense of anonimity, which can occur in a group situation

Question 7

Define: conformity

Answer 7

the tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feelings or behaviours that are in ways that are in agreement with those of a particular individual or group, or with accepted standards about how one should behave in certain situations

Question 8

Define: reckless behaviours

Answer 8

often thrill seeking behaviours but have a higher chance of not being accepted by adults and may have negative social or health outcomes

Question 9

Define: gestalt principles

Answer 9

processes in which we organise parts of a scene by grouping them to perceive a whole, complete picture

Question 10

Define: depth perception

Answer 10

the ability to use depth cues to estimate the distance of objects and to perceive the world as 3d

Question 11

Define: depth cues

Answer 11

cues which allow us to predict an object’s location in space

Question 12

3 methods of controlling situational variables?

Answer 12

1. equalising the effects of the EV/ ensuring it occurs for all participants
2. testing all participants in random order
3. controlling the situational variables which will have the biggest impact on DV

Question 13

2 methods of preventing experimenter variables?

Answer 13

Using double blind procedures (participants and researchers unaware of CONDITIONS)
Prevent researchers from being aware of expected RESULTS

Question 14

What is the difference between frequency distribution, central tendency and measures of variability?

Answer 14

Central tendency: shows the average value of a set of scores
Frequency distribution: shows how often a value occurs in a set of scores
Measure of variability: how widely scores are spread around a central point

Question 15

Define: variance

Answer 15

like standard deviation, generally measures spread of scores around the mean

Question 16

Difference between reliability and validity?

Answer 16

Reliability: whether an experiment consistently measures what it is supposed to measure every time it is
given.
Validity: whether an experiment measures what it aims to measure

Question 17

Difference between internal and external validity

Answer 17

Internal: IV causes the DV

Question 18

3 reasons why stereotyping can be bad?

Answer 18

Inaccurate
Individual differences ignored
May cause stigma

Question 19

Define: stereotyping

Answer 19

The process of grouping people into a category based on their membership of that group, disregarding individual differences

Question 20

Define: direct discrimination

Answer 20

When someone is treated unfairly and is disadvantaged because of a personal characteristic protected by law.

Question 21

Define: indirect discrimination

Answer 21

When treating everyone the same way disadvantages someone because of a personal characteristic

Question 22

Define: intergroup conflict

Answer 22

When members of different groups compete to achieve control of something that is wanted by each group

Question 23

Define: intergroup contact

Answer 23

A strategy for reducing prejudice by increasing specific types of direct contact between two groups who are prejudiced against each other

Question 24

Under what 3 conditions does intergroup contact reduce prejudice?

Answer 24

Sustained contact
Mutual interdependence
Equality of status

Question 25

Define: sustained contact

Answer 25

Ongoing contact between two or more people/groups either directly or indirectly over a period of time

Question 26

Define: cognitive interventions

Answer 26

A deliberate strategy for changing the way in which someone thinks about prejudice

Question 27

What do most cognitive interventions aim to teach?

Answer 27

Understanding individuals based on individual characteristics, not stereotypes.

Question 28

Define: confounding variable

Answer 28

an unwanted variable which has had an effect on the DV

Question 29

7 components of a report?

Answer 29

Title
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
References

Question 30

5 steps of observational learning ARRMR

Answer 30

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Reinforcement