Lange

Question 1

What are multipolar/unipolar/bipolar neurons and where are they?

Answer 1

1 axon and many dendrites—>muscle/2 axons that branch—>sensory/2 axons and come off from the cell body—>interneuron

Question 2

What is resting membrane potential and what is the AP threshold?

Answer 2

-70/-45

Question 3

Sequence of AP (how many times have I learned this…)

Answer 3

AP comes—>Na channel opens—>Na channel closes—>K channel opens—>close slower than Na—>hyperpolarize

Question 4

What do the astrocytes do?

Answer 4

Ring-ding-ding-ding…
Structural support—>produce ECM molecules/growth factors
Terminate neuron response from GLU

Question 5

What are extrapyramidal neurons?

Answer 5

Neurons from caudate nucleus/putamen/globus pallodus/cerebellum and what not

Question 6

Damage to LMN causes?

Answer 6

Flaccid muscle weakness (no stimulation) /loss of deep tendon reflex

Question 7

N and M receptor at the motor end plate are ___ channel?

Answer 7

Na

Question 8

When do fasciculation and fibrillation of muscle happen?

Answer 8

Fasciculation—>from denervated motor unit/fibrillation—>damage to LMN

Question 9

How does UMN travels?

Answer 9

From cortex down to brainstem through internal capsule (corticobulbar tract)—>become pyramidal tract when gets to pyramid (ventral medulla)—>decussate after into to 2 sides as lateral corticospinal tract

Question 10

What and when do you see spinal shock?

Answer 10

After spinal cord lesion—>spasticity (increased tone and reflex)

Question 11

Lesion in UMN above and below the pons present as?

Answer 11

Impair movement of contralateral lower face, arm and leg/spare face

Question 12

Lesion to cerebellar hemispheres and midline causes what?

Answer 12

Limb ataxia/axial muscle ataxia and disorders of eye movements

Question 13

What are the 3 loops of basal ganglion?

Answer 13

premotor, primary motor and primary sensory project—>corpus striatum—>globus pallidus—>back to motor/SN—>corpus striatum and back/globus pallidus—>subthalamic nucleus

Question 14

What is the early onset of Huntington’s present as?

Answer 14

Parkinsonism

Question 15

What is the pathology of Huntington’s disease? and how to treat it?

Answer 15

Spiny GABA neuron degeneration—>no inhibition
Loss of neutrophic support and enhanced caspase activity caused by mutant huntingtin gene
treat with DA antagonist

Question 16

What is COWS?

Answer 16

Cold opposite and warm same (cold water irrigation test)—>describe the jerk nystagmus seen with cold and warm water—->if seen opposite then pt has midbrain or pontine lesion

Question 17

Uncal herniation’s affect on eye

Answer 17

Bilateral mydriasis and impaired function of eye muscle

Question 18

Loss of ___ gene function leads to apoptosis of LMN leads to spinal muscular atrophy

Answer 18

SMN gene

Question 19

Defective ___ editing contributes to ALS

Answer 19

Glutamte receptor

Question 20

You can find __ and ___ in neuronal inclusions in cell bodies of ALS?

Answer 20

pheripherin (protein) and neurofilament