Neurotransmitters and their receptors part II

Question 1

In the CNS catecholamines act as?

Answer 1

Neuromodulators

Question 2

Catecholamines do not evoke EPSP and IPSP, they are responsible for?

Answer 2

How much larger or smaller EPSP and IPSP are.

Question 3

Specific effects of catecholamines depends on?

Answer 3

• Receptor subtype
• Intracellular signaling pathways activated
• Brain area/ circuitry
• Type of postsynaptic cell

Question 4

Rate-limiting enzyme is synthesis of all what?

Answer 4

Catecholamines

Question 5

What are factors that induce increases in catecholamine synthesis? (up regulate)

Answer 5

• Stress
• Caffeine
• Nicotine
• Morphine

Question 6

What are factors that induce increases in catecholamine synthesis? (Down regulate)

Answer 6

-Antidepressant

Question 7

Dopamine is responsible for? (SUBSTANTIA NIGRA AND VTA)

Answer 7

• Movement/motor disorders (parkinson)
• Rewards/motivation
• Addiction
• Schizophrenia

Question 8

Norepinephrine is responsible for? (LOCUS COERULEUS)

Answer 8

• Attention
• Wakefulness
• Stress
• Pain inhibition
• ADHD

Question 9

Epinephrine is responsible for ? (MEDULLA)

Answer 9

• Modulates hormone secretion from hypothalamus/pituitary
• Stress
• Fight or Flight
• Autonomic regulation

Question 10

Parkinson’s disease is a loss of ?

Answer 10

DA Neurons

Question 11

Positive and negative reinforcement in addiction is due to?

Answer 11

When the drug taken induces pleasurable state you are more likely to repeat drug use. When drug reliefs you from distress thats negatively reinforces the use of it.

Question 12

Drug use is both?

Answer 12

Rewarding and reinforcing

Question 13

Addictive drugs target the reward circuit in the brain which includes the dopaminergic projection from where?

Answer 13

Ventral Tagmental Area (VTA)

Question 14

Repeated use of addictive drug can produce unwanted changes in the brain that leads to?

Answer 14

Tolerance
sensitization
Addiction

Question 15

Definition of Dependence?

Answer 15

Is an adaptive state that develops in response to repeated drug administration; upon cessation of drug use this adaptive state may lead to withdrawal symptoms

Question 16

Definition of Tolerance?

Answer 16

Refers to the diminished effect of a drug after repeated administration at the same dose, or the need to increase the dose to produce the same effect;

Question 17

Sensitization is when?

Answer 17

The opposite response of tolerance.

Question 18

Medial Forebrain bundle

Answer 18

Contains DA,NE, and 5-HT fibers.

**ICCS was used as a mapping tool for defining boundaries of the reward system.

Question 19

Drug of abuse typically releases

_______ times the amount of dopamine that natural rewards do.

Answer 19

2 to 10 times

*VTA area in the case of addiction and DA

Question 20

VMAT is responsible for?

Answer 20

Vesicular monoamine transporter

Question 21

DAT is responsible for?

Answer 21

Dopamine transporter

Question 22

COMT is responsible for?

Answer 22

Enzyme that degrades all catecholamines

Question 23

MAO does what?

Answer 23

Monoamine oxidase and degrades all monoamines

**Located both intra and extracellularly

Question 24

inhibiting MAO would?

Answer 24

• Increases availability of DA

- Treatment for depression and parkinson’s disease.

Question 25

Cocaine blocks

Answer 25

Dopamine transporter (DAT)

• blocks dopamine re-uptake
• increases lifetime of DA in synaptic cleft.

Question 26

Amphetamines increase and blocks what re-uptake?

Answer 26

Dopamine release and blocks dopamine re-uptake

** It enters presynaptic terminal via DAT and release dopamine. Making dopamine transporters work in reverse.

Question 27

Noradrenaline (Adrenaline) is packed into vesicles by?

Answer 27

VMAT (vesicular monoamine transporter)

Question 28

What is Noradrenaline (and adrenaline) re-uptake?

Answer 28

NET (Norepinephrine transporter)

Question 29

What is used to degrade Noradrenaline (Adrenaline)?

Answer 29

MAO (monoamine oxidase)

Question 30

Noradrenaline (and Adrenaline) post-synaptically on 2 types pf G-coupled receptors. what are they?

Answer 30

α- and β-adrenergic receptors

Question 31

SNRIs increase spinal NE leading to enhanced presynaptic inhibition of?

Answer 31

pain afferents (alpha2)
and enhanced activation of spinal GABAergic neurons (alpha1)

Question 32

The SNRI duloxetine is effective for diabetic ________.

Answer 32

Neuropathy pain