Chapter 6

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

process by which behaviour or knowledge changes as a result of experiences

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally caused by another stimulus

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning

Question 4

Unconditioned response

Answer 4

reflexed, unlearned reaction to an unconditional stimulus

Question 5

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

a once neutral stimulus that later elicits a conditioned response because it has a history of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

Acquisition

Answer 6

initial phase of learning in which as persons is established

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

loss/weakening of a contain response when a continued stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occurs together

Question 8

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 8

reoccurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response, typically other some time has passed since extinction

Question 9

Generalization

Answer 9

process in which a response that originally occurs to a specific stimulus also occurs to different but similar stimuli

Question 10

Discrimination

Answer 10

occurs when an organism learns to reasons to one original stimulus but not to new stimuli that ma be similar to original stimulus

Question 11

Conditioned emotional response

Answer 11

consist of emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or situation

Question 12

Preparohess

Answer 12

biological predisposition to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli

Question 13

Conditioned taste aversion

Answer 13

acquired dislike or disgust of food or drink because it was paired with illness

Question 14

Operant conditioning

Answer 14

type of learning in which behaviour is influenced by consequences

Question 15

Classical vs operant conditioning

Answer 15

in classical, learner is passive (w/o voluntary action)1

Question 16

Reinforcement

Answer 16

Process in which an event or reward that follows a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again

Question 17

Punishment

Answer 17

process that decreases the future probability of a response

Question 18

Punisher

Answer 18

stimulus that contingent upon a response, and results in decrease of behaviour

Question 19

Positive reinforcement

Answer 19

rewarding consequence through a addition of stimulation

Question 20

Negative reinforcement

Answer 20

rewarding consequence through the removal of a stimulation such as electric shock

Question 21

Avoidance learning

Answer 21

specific type of negative reinforcement that removes the possibility that a stimulus will occur

Question 22

Escape learning

Answer 22

occurs if a response removes a stimulus that is already present

Question 23

Negative punishment

Answer 23

negative consequence through the removal of stimulation

Question 24

Positive punishment

Answer 24

negative consequence through the addition of a stimulation

Question 25

Primary reinforces

Answer 25

consisting of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs

Question 26

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 26

consist of stimuli that acquire their reinforcing effects only after we learn that they have value

Question 27

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 27

a cue or event that indicates that a response will be reinforced

Question 28

Extinction

Answer 28

weakening of a operant response when reinforcement is no longer available

Question 29

Shaping

Answer 29

procedure in which a specific operant response is created by reinforcing successive approximations of that response

Question 30

Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 30

rules that determine when a reinforcement is available

Question 31

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 31

every response made results in reinforcement

Question 32

Partial reinforcement

Answer 32

only a certain number of response are rewarded or a certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is available

Question 33

Delayed reinforcement

Answer 33

as more time separates a behaviour and presentation of a reinforcer operant conditioning will be weak

Question 34

Reward devaluation

Answer 34

reinforcer will be effective at increasing the frequency of a behaviour in some other cases but no less so in other

Question 35

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 35

reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of response have been completed

Question 36

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 36

number of responses required to received reinforcement varies according to an average

Question 37

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 37

first response is reinforced following a variable amount of time

Question 38

Partial reinforcement effect

Answer 38

organisms have been conditioned under partial reinforcement resist extinction lodger than those conditioned continuous reinforcement

Question 39

Latent learning

Answer 39

learning that is not immediately expressed by a response until the organism is reinforced for doing so

Question 40

Observational learning

Answer 40

involves changes in behaviour and knowledge that result from watching other

Question 41

Edward tolman

Answer 41

rats going through a maze to find food

Question 42

Cognitive map

Answer 42

given an opportunity to explore rate generate a mental representation of spatial landscape

Question 43

Imitation

Answer 43

recreating someone else motor behaviour or expression often to accomplish specific goal

Question 44

Albert bandura

Answer 44

Canadian who came up with 4 things present in observational learning

Question 45

4 things present in observational learning

Answer 45

• attention
• memory
• reproduce it
• motivation