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Psych 1200 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is unique to each individual and remains relatively consistent over time and situations

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2
Q

Idiographic approach

A

focuses on creating detailed descriptions of a specific persons unique personality characteristics

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3
Q

Nomothetic approach

A

examine personality in large groups of people, with he aim of making generalizations about personality structure

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4
Q

Personality trait

A

describes a persons habitual patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving

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5
Q

First persons to tally words to describe an individuals physical and physiological attributes

A

Gordon Allport

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6
Q

Barnum effect

A

Scientist Bertam Forer gave research participants a personality test and then generated a description of subjects personalities which they believed was based on their test responses, participants found them convincing and rated them 4/5 on how accurate when all the participants were given same description

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7
Q

Factor analysis

A

used to group items that people respond to similarly (ex: terms friendly. warm, kind are similar meaning and can be grouped to a factor)

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8
Q

Five factor model

A

trait based theory of personality based on the finding that personality can be described using five major dimensions

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9
Q

Individuals high on openness..

A

are the dreamers and creatives; they tend to be more open to new things

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10
Q

Individuals low on openness

A

are the defenders of the system, preferring the conventional, the tried and true. they avoid the unknown and find security in the known.

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11
Q

Highly conscientious people are..

A

the organizers, efficient, self disciplined, and dependable. they are the ones who meet deadlines, plan ahead to achieve their goals and are comfortable with schedules and lists

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12
Q

Low conscientious people are…

A

easy going ones, fun to hang out with, but not great for group projects, tend to be disorganized, careless with details, and have difficulty meeting deadlines, uncomfortable w/ schedules

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13
Q

Extraversion are the..

A

socializaers and sensation seekers. they are comfortable in more stimulating environments and love company of others, outgoing and energetic. They are fun to be around, but sometimes take things too far puts them at high risk for dangerous activities

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14
Q

Introverts are the..

A

quiet ones, they like social contact, introverts also need time for solitary actives. can be overwhelmed by the high levels of stimulation. tend to be more cautious and reserved

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15
Q

Highly agreeable people..

A

are warm and friendly people, easy to like and be friends with. kind compassionate, helpful.. place a lot of value on getting along with people and generally willing to put own interests side in order to please others

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16
Q

Low agreeable people..

A

are the type who put themselves first. they value being authentic more than pandering others needs. more assertive, tend to be seen as cold, unfriendly unkind.

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17
Q

People high in neuroticism are..

A

often difficult to deal with as their emotional volatility and general tendency to experience negative emotions makes them not much fun to be around, tend to be sensitive, get frustrated over small things. most vulnerable to anxiety and depressive disorders

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18
Q

People low in neuroticism are…

A

prototypical mentally healthy people, tend to be secure and confident let go of negative emotions easily. Excellent at managing emotions and considered stable

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19
Q

Acronym for 5 factor model

A

ocean

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20
Q

HEXACO model of personality

A

6 factor theory that generally replicates the 5 factor FFM and adds one additional factor; honestly-humility

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21
Q

High on honestly and humility ..

A

tend to be sincere, honey, faithful and modest

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22
Q

Low on honestly and humility

A

deceitful, greedy, pompous

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23
Q

Dark triad

A

refers to three traits; Machiavellians, psychopathy, and narcissism- that describes a person ho is cosmically destructive, aggressive, dishonest, and likely commit harm in general

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24
Q

Machiavellianism

A

tendency to use people and to manipulative and deceitful. individuals scoring high tend to lack respect for others and focus predominantly on their own self interest. treat theories as means to their own desired ends

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25
Q

Psychopathy

A

general tendency toward having shallow emotional responses, scoring high veer toward highly stimulating actives and tend to feel little empathy for others. get thrill out of conflict, exerting control, harming other w/ little remorse

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26
Q

Narcissism

A

reflects an egotistical preoccupation with self image and excessive focus on self importance. Can be charming but difficult to have relationships with tend to put themselves first.

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27
Q

Right-Wing authoritarianism

A

highly problematic set of personality characteristics involve 3 key tendencies

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28
Q

3 key tendencies

A
  • obeying orders and deferring to the established authorities in society
  • supporting aggression against those who dissent or differ from the established social order
  • believing strongly in maintaining the existing social order
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29
Q

3 main temperaments were identified in study that followed child 3 years old to adulthood

A
  • well adjusted
  • undercontrolled
  • inhibited
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30
Q

10 years later children who were under controlled had become

A

much more likely to engage in externalizing behaviour and somewhat more internalizing behaviours

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31
Q

10 years later children who were inhibited developed

A

strong internalizing behaviour patterns

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32
Q

At 21 children who were under controlled were showing

A

serious relationship difficulties

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33
Q

State

A

temporary physical or psychological engagement that influences behaviour

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34
Q

4 general aspects of situations that are most likely to influence our behaviour

A
  • locations
  • associations
  • activities
  • subjective states
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35
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

behaviour, internal factors, and external factors interact to determine one another and that our personalities are bas on interaction among these three aspects (albert bandura)

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36
Q

Behaviourist account of personality

A

behaviourists thought that what physiologists call personality was an expression of relationships between behaviour, rewards and punishment. avoid referring to personality traits and dispositions, but focus on how past experiences predict future behaviour

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37
Q

WEIRd stands for

A

western educated industrialized rich and democrativ

38
Q

2 challenges in cross cultural research

A
  • how to translate measures of personality such that they will mean exactly the same thing in diff languages
  • how to ensure that people are using he exact same reasoning process when answering them
39
Q

To essentialize a cultural different is to..

A

attribute that difference to something fundamental to the cultures, some sort of basic difference between the essences of each culture

40
Q

People who inherit short copies of the serotonin transporter gene from parents seem..

A

predisposed to anxiety, shyness and experiencing negative emotional reactions in interpersonal situations

41
Q

Humorism

A

explained both physical illness and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

42
Q

Phrenology

A

theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer shell

43
Q

Arousal theory of extraversion

A

arguing that extraversion is determined by peoples threshold for arousal

44
Q

Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling this arousal response.

45
Q

Behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

is a “GO” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals

46
Q

Behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

is more of a “danger” system, motivation the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

47
Q

Extraversion brains

A

extraverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and generally have less activation in the amygdala. greater sensitivity reward. have underachieve amygdala due to not paying attention to danger fear.

48
Q

Neuroticism brains

A

smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, smaller hippocampus and larger mid-cingulate gyrus

49
Q

Agreeableness brains

A

less brain volume in area called left superior temporal sulcus, greater volume in area called posterior coagulate cortex

50
Q

Conscientiousness brains

A

larger brain volume in middle frontal gyrus in left prefrontal cortex

51
Q

Openness to experience

A

greater activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

52
Q

Sigmund freud

A

pioneer in study of personality and treatment of psychological disorders

53
Q

Conscious mind

A

current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

54
Q

Unconscious mind

A

much more vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your cancerous endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

55
Q

Fruedian slip

A

their conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances, but their unconscious mind leads them to say that they were really thinking

56
Q

Id

A

represents a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression

57
Q

Id is fuelled by ..

A

libido

58
Q

Superego

A

comprised of our values and moral standards, tells us what we ought to do

59
Q

Ego

A

decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego

60
Q

2 key ways the 3 egos give rise to personality

A
  • different people will have deep personality differences because of the relative strengths oh their id, ego, and superego
  • how we react to anxiety, because its what we feel result of the tension between
61
Q

Defence mechanism

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

62
Q

Repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

63
Q

Denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself

64
Q

Rationalization

A

attempting to hide one/s true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

65
Q

Displacement

A

transfomring an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or natural behaviour

66
Q

Identification

A

unconsiously assuming the chacteristcs of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings of oneself. by doing so makes themselves feel better

67
Q

Projection

A

keeping yourself unaware of undesirable qualities that you possess by instead attributing those qualities to other groups or people

68
Q

Reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

69
Q

Sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even pro-social alternatives

70
Q

Fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular stage

71
Q

The oral stage

A

birth to 18 months, fixated with mouth sensation

72
Q

The anal stage

A

2-3 yrs old. can cause you to be extremely uptight and clean or disorganized and messy disorganized on parent and training

73
Q

The phallic stage

A

3-6 yrs. body attention shifts to genitals. become attached to mom sexually and resent father

74
Q

Castration anxiety

A

fear of castration by ones father

75
Q

Penis envy

A

sexual interest in father because having a child with a man provides the girl with a penis, which she continues to envy

76
Q

The latency stage

A

5-13 yrs. libido is directed on more productive activities than sexual nature. gain many of their intellectual, social, physical skills

77
Q

The genital stage

A

puberty to adulthood. when have contact with another person in sexual and loving relationship

78
Q

Projective tests

A

personality tests in which ambiguous images are presented to an dinvidual to elicit responses that reflect unconscious desires or conflicts

79
Q

Rorschach inkblot test

A

which people are asked to describe what they see on the inkblot, psychologists interpret this description using a standardized scoring and interpretation method

80
Q

Thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

asks respondents to tell stories about ambiguous pictures involving various interpersonal situations

81
Q

Carl jung

A

analytical psychology

82
Q

Analyitcal psychology

A

focuses on the role of unconscious archetypes in personality development

83
Q

2 main types of unconscious

A
  • personal

- collective

84
Q

Personal unconscious

A

vast reposityory of experiences and patterns that were absorbed during the entire experimental unfolding of the persons life

85
Q

Collective unconscious

A

separate, non-personal realm of the unconscious that holds the collective memories and mythologies of human kind, stretching deep into out ancestral past

86
Q

Archetypes

A

images and symbols that reflect common truths held across cultures, such as universal life experiences or types of people

87
Q

Alfred adler

A

differentiated himself from freud by arguing for the importance of social dynamics and conscious thoughts as determents of behaviour

88
Q

Inferiority complex

A

struggle many people have with feelings of infinity, which stem from experiences of helpfulness and powerlessness during childhood

89
Q

Karen Horney

A

disagreed with freud, focused on importance of social and cultural factors,a arguing that to understand personality one should focus on the functioning of a persons present self rather than unconscious

90
Q

Person-centred perspective

A

people are basically good and given the right environment their personality will develop fully and normally

91
Q

Self-actualization

A

is the drive to grow and fulfill one’s potential

Psych 1200 (11 decks)

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