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Anatomy > Muscles of facial expression (A15) > Flashcards

Muscles of facial expression (A15) Flashcards

1
Q

general structure of facial skin (layers from superficial to deep)

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
  3. superficial fascia
  4. deep fascia
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2
Q

which layer of facial skin are the muscles of facial expression within

A

superficial fascia layer (most muscles of the body are deep to the deep fascia therefore the muscles of facial expression are very superficial and almost all attach directly to skin therefore you have to be careful when removing the skin during dissection)

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3
Q

what is special about the structure of facial skin

A

there is very little deep fascia on the face (there is only sufficient amounts around the masseter muscle and parotid gland at the back)

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4
Q

what is the origin of the muscles of facial expression

A

mainly have origin on bone or fascia or directly connect to facial bones and almost all attach directly to skin

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5
Q

importance of muscles of facial expression (and clinical importance)

A

communication without words (clinically important in conditions such as bells palsy as a viral infection of the facial nerve can cause lack of function of buccinator muscle etc and patient has difficulty moving food to back of mouth without aid of finger, or lack of facial expression muscle function can cause drooping of eye/drying of the eye/ulceration etc)

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6
Q

buccal (cheek) fat pad

A

dense fat pad deep inside cheeks, only not present when patient is malnourished and is more distinct/important in babies and children as it is thought to stop cheeks collapsing during suckling/ also thought to help masseter muscle move freely during facial expression movements

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7
Q

vermillion border

A

border that runs outside the lips/ transitional zone between the skin of face and the mucous membrane (lips themselves are a mucous membrane)

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8
Q

why are lips red

A

due to the very superficial blood supply

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9
Q

direction of facial wrinkles (formed during facial expression)

A

form at 90degree angles to the muscle fibre direction

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10
Q

muscles of facial expression

A

2 of each (1 on left and right side of face)

  1. frontalis
  2. orbicularis oculi
  3. quadratus superiorus (made up of 4 individual muscles)
  4. levator anguli oris
  5. depressors of the lip (depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris)
  6. mentalis
  7. orbicularis oris
  8. buccinator
  9. platysma
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11
Q

frontalis muscle

A

big muscle of forehead, involved in wrinkling of forehead/raising eyebrows

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12
Q

orbicularis definition

A

orbit/ goes around

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13
Q

sphincter of the mouth

A

orbicularis oris

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14
Q

sphincter of the eye

A

orbicularis oculi

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15
Q

function of quadratus superioris

A

is attached to/helps move superior lip

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16
Q

4 muscles that make up quadratus superioris

A
  1. zygomaticus major
  2. zygomaticus minor
  3. levator labii superioris
  4. levator labii superioris alequae nasi
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17
Q

depressors of the lip

A

attach to either lower lip or angle of the lip and depress the lip

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18
Q

buccinator

A

muscle of cheek

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19
Q

zygomaticus major

A

(one of 4 muscles that make up quadratus superioris), attaches onto zygomatic bone and extends to the corner of the mouth, draws the mouth’s angle upward and outward)

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20
Q

zygomaticus minor

A

connects to the orbicularis oculi, arising at zygomatic bone, attaches at the top of the check below each eye and extends diagonally down and to the outside of each end of the upper lip

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21
Q

levator labii superioris

A

elevates superior/upper lip, shaped like a broad, flat sheet that starts next to the nose and extends to the zygomatic bone

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22
Q

levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

A

(alaeque nasi= wings of nose), attaches to wings of nose helping to flare nostrils/ dilate nostrils and elevates upper lip

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23
Q

depressor anguli oris

A

depresses angle of mouth, attached to the mandible and ends at the orbicularis oris, attached to the edge of the lips

24
Q

incisive slips

A

deep to orbicularis oris (deepest fibres along with mental slips)

25
Q

risorius

A

located on the sides of the mouth, continues to the skin of the corner of the mouth

26
Q

levator anguli oris

A

attaches to zygomatic bone and goes down to angle of mouth, elevates angle of mouth

27
Q

muscles deep to quadratus superioris

A
  • levator anguli oris

- buccinator

28
Q

depressor labi inferioris

A

depresses lower lip, originates at oblique line of the mandible and inserts into the skin of the lower lip and blends with the orbicularis oris muscle

29
Q

mentalis

A

originates from the mandible (lower jaw), and provides stability to the lower lip to allow it to pout. It causes protrusion of the lower lip and elevates the skin of the chin (covers mental area)

30
Q

buccinator

A

(deep to risorius?) holds the cheek to teeth, helps to make ‘fish pout’ expression and aids playing instruments

31
Q

modiolus

A

many (6-9) facial muscles converge here (these muscles help with stability of teeth), ball of fibrous tissue found just inferior to angle of mouth, when taking impression of teeth when making dentures, press modiolus into cast material to allow it to move over denture freely without friction)

32
Q

pterygomandibular raphe

A

attachment site of buccinator, thickened fascia, comes from ptergoid hamulus down to mandible

33
Q

pathway of parotid duct

A

comes out of parotid gland, crosses over buccinator , turns around and pierces buccinator to supply mouth at level of upper second molar

34
Q

epicranial aponeurosis

A

flattened tendon that extends all the way to the back of the head, connecting frontalis muscle to occipitalis muscle and both of these muscles help to move it/ the skin at front/back

35
Q

2 parts to orbicularis oculi

A

-orbital (external), helps to close eyes tightly/wink
-palpebral (internal/lies directly over eyelid), helps to close eyes gently
(orbicularis oculi as a whole muscle helps to close the eyelids)

36
Q

5 layers of the scalp

A
  • skin
  • connective tissue (dense)
  • aponeurosis
  • loose connective tissue
  • pericranium
37
Q

which layer of the scalp are all vessels and nerves contained within

A

connective tissue layer (dense)

38
Q

why is it significantly dangerous to cut/lacerate the dense connective tissue layer of the scalp

A

because it can cause a tear in the vessels/arteries and instead of vessels constricting and closing like they normally would, they are held open due to the connective tissue therefore it is harder to stop bleeding

39
Q

danger area of scalp (and why)

A

loose connective tissue layer (because it is very loose a lot of space/movement between the layer, spread of infection is therefore very easy and can drain back into the cranial cavity)

40
Q

how can a patient present with black eyes from an injury to the scalp

A

blood can collect and drain down to the skin surrounding the eyes causing black eyes)

41
Q

‘scalp proper’

A

(S,C,A layers- skin, connective tissue (dense) and aponeurosis), move together over loose connective tissue layer and can be removed as one

42
Q

which nerve supplies ALL muscles of facial expression

A

facial nerve (cranial nerve VII - 7) (all other muscles of face/muscles of mastication are not supplied by this muscle)

43
Q

clinical tests of motor function of facial nerve (CN VII)

A

-ask patient to frown
-ask patient to close eyes tightly
-ask patient to smile
-ask patient to puff out cheeks
(check that it is symmetrical on both sides)

44
Q

route of facial nerves exiting brain

A

exits brain at junction between pons and medulla (if someone has a stroke it can be damaged here?), has a short journey into cranial cavity and exits cranial cavity through internal acoustic meatus, travels through temporal bone and exits at stylomastoid foramen(between mastoid and styloid process - can be damaged at this point during delivery of baby) to go on to supply the muscles of facial expression

45
Q

branches of the facial nerve

A

-posterior auricular (goes to supply muscles of muscles around the ear, most people don’t have much control of the muscles, help you to wiggle ears)
-temporal
-zygomatic
-buccal
-mandibular
-cervical
(once posterior auricular branches off, facial nerve heads into parotid gland, in the plane between the superficial and deep parts of the gland, forms plexus and gives 5 terminal branches of facial nerve which are named in relation to area/ terminal they are heading to)

46
Q

clinical concept- cerebal palsy in relation to facial nerve/muscles of facial expression

A

viral infection of facial nerve can occur, good recovery after following a course of corticosteroids, sometimes patients cant move food to back of mouth without the aid of finger due to lack of function of buccinator, drooping of the face can also cause eye to dry up causing ulceration etc etc

47
Q

facial artery

A

branch of external carotid artery(along with maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery) which is a branch of common carotid artery (along with internal carotid artery)

48
Q

branches of facial artery

A
  1. Inferior Labial artery: Supplies blood to the lower lip
  2. Superior Labial: To the upper lip
  3. Muscular branches: To muscles of facial expression
  4. Lateral Nasal: To ala and dorsum of the nose
  5. Angular Artery: This is terminal branch of facial artery. It anestomosis with dorsal nasal branch of ophthalmic artery. Ophthalmic artery is a branch of internal carotid artery. Therefore the angular artery communicates between external and internal carotid arteries.
49
Q

facial vein

A

(has no valves/bidirectional flow) connects with common facial vein and drains into internal jugular vein

50
Q

cavernous sinus

A

surrounds pituitary gland

51
Q

pterygoid venus plexus

A

empties into maxillary vein

52
Q

facial artery and vein

A
  • facial artery tends to stay superficial but weaves in and out of facial muscles, it is thicker and more torturous/kinky than the facial vein which stays very superficial all the way up
  • both head up to the corner of the mouth, nose and eye
  • situated about a finger breadth from angle of mandible
53
Q

lymphatics in relation to arteries/veins (of face?)

A

superficial lymphatics follow veins, deep lymphatics follow arteries (all eventually drain to deep cervical lymph nodes)
- there are not a lot of lymphatics and nodes on face

54
Q

which layer of fascia are muscles of facial expression within

A

superficial

55
Q

masseter muscle

A

one of the muscles of mastication/chewing

Anatomy (21 decks)

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