Recognition And Measurement

Question 1

What is an exit price?

Answer 1

The price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability

Conceptually, an entry price and exit price are different

Question 2

In what situations can the entry (transaction) price and exit (Fair Value)price be different?

Answer 2

1. ) the transaction is between related parties
2. ) the transaction takes place under duress
3. ) the unit of account for the transaction is different than the unit of account that are used to measure asset or liability at fair value.
4. ) the market in which the transaction price takes place is different from the principal market (or most advantageous market)

Question 3

What is an entry price?

Answer 3

Amount paid to acquire an asset or received to assume a liability

It is the price paid when an asset or liability is initially recognized, which may or may not be fair value

Question 4

What action does the entity take if it is required to measure an asset at fair value but the transaction price at initial recognition differs?

Answer 4

A gain or loss is recognized in earnings at initial recognition of the asset or liability. The asset would be recorded at fair value, the difference between the transaction (entry) price and recorded fair value (exit) price would be the gain.

Question 5

What 3 approaches/Techniques can be used in the determination of fair value for GAAP purposes?

Answer 5

1. ) Market Approach - Uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions that are identical or comparable to the items being valued.
2. ) Income Approach - Converts future amounts to a single present amount. Discounting future cash flows would be an example.
3. ) Cost Approach - Uses the amount that currently would be required to replace the service capacity of the asset, adjusting for obsolescence.

Question 6

How to pick valuation techniques/approach selection?

Answer 6

Depends on the circumstance, including the availability of sufficient data for each respective approach.
In some cases, a single valuation technique will be appropriate, and in some cases multiple valuation techniques will be appropriate (i.e. when valuing an entire business).If more than one method is used, the results must be evaluated and weighted.

Question 7

What alternative approaches can be used for Fair Value determination?

Answer 7

1. ) SIngle approach to determining FV can be used. i.e., Quoted market prices in active markets
2. ) Multiple approaches to determining fair value may be appropriate. I.e., Valuing an entire business. Professional judgement required is assessing multiple outcomes.

Question 8

In which situations can an entity elect to measure at Fair Value? (What kind of assets)

Answer 8

1. ) Recognized financial assets and liabilities
2. ) Firm commitments not otherwise recognized and that involve only financial instruments
3. ) Written loan commitments
4. ) Rights/obligations under warranties and insurance contracts that can be settled by paying a third party

Question 9

What items are not available to measure at Fair Value?

Answer 9

1. ) Investments in entities to be consolidated
2. ) Obligations or assets related to pension or other employee-oriented plans
3. ) Lease-related financial assets or liabilities
4. ) Demand deposits of financial institutions
5. ) Instruments that are components of shareholders’ equity

Question 10

When can Fair Value option be elected?

Answer 10

1. ) When the item is first recognized
2. ) When an eligible firm commitment occurs
3. ) When the accounting treatment of an investment in another entity changes

Question 11

What are the Fair Value Option application requirements?

Answer 11

May be applied on an instrument by instrument basis (With certain exceptions)
Does not have to be applied to all instruments issued or acquired in a single transaction
Just be applied to an entire instrument, not just to specific elements of an instrument

Question 12

Is the Fair Value option Irrevocable?

Answer 12

Yes, cannot revoke except when a new election date for a specific item occurs.

Question 13

How are Held-to-Maturity investment securities treated if Fair Value is applied?

Answer 13

Treated like investment securities held-for-trading.

Question 14

What are the steps to take in accounting for a Fair Value election?

Answer 14

1. ) Determine Carrying Value
2. ) Determine Fair Value
3. ) Determined difference between CV and FV
4. ) Recognize difference as: Write up or down, recognize increase (gain) or decrease (loss) in current income

Question 15

How do you account for Fair Value at each subsequent reporting date?

Answer 15

1.) Adjust item to new fair value
2.) Recognize difference as: Write item up or down, recognize increase or decrease in current earnings
3.) Entry (Assume an increase in FV of an Asset:
DR: Asset
CR: Unrealized Gain - FV Option