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Pharmacology > 4.5 Anti-hypertensives > Flashcards

4.5 Anti-hypertensives Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Hypertension is defined as…

A

A common, often asymptomatic disorder in which blood pressure persistantly exceeds 140 mm Hg or diastolic pressure exceeds 90 mm Hg

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2
Q

Hypertension in the normal general population is…

A

> 140/90 mm Hg

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3
Q

Hypertension in clients with renal disease or diabetes is…

A

> 130/80 mm Hg

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4
Q

The 6 main Antihypertensive agents include:

A
  • Adrenergic agents: Beta Blockers
  • Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
  • Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
  • Calcium channel blockers
  • Diuretics
  • Vasodilators
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5
Q

The 2 Anti-hypertensive adrenergic agents are:

A

Alpha-2 agonists

Alpha-1 antagonists

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6
Q

The centrally acting alpha-2 agonists function to…

A

Modify SNS: reduces norepinephrine – reduces BP

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7
Q

The peripherally acting alpha-1 antagonists function to…

A

Blocks alpha 1 receptors- No SNS stimulation

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8
Q

Clonidine and Methyldopa are examples of…

A

Alpha-2 agonists

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9
Q

Methyldopa is commonly used to treat hypertension in what population?

A

Pregnant women

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10
Q

Prazosin and Terazosin are examples of…

A

Alpha-1 antagonists

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11
Q

Dual Alpha-1-beta blockers function to…

A

-Act peripherally at heart and blood vessels
-Reduce heart rate
- Cause vasodilation

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12
Q

Labetalol and Carvedilol are examples of…

A

Dual alpha-1-beta blockers

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13
Q

Beta-blockers function to…

A
  • Act in the periphery
  • Reduce heart rate due to beta-blockade
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14
Q

Propranolol, Atenolol, and Metoprolol are all examples of…

A

beta-blockers

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15
Q

Beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart are predominantly which kind of receptor? What are they responsible for?

A

beta1-adrenergic receptors

They are responsible for the conduction effects of the conduction system.

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16
Q

When blocked by beta-blockers, the SA node fires ____ (more or less) which leads to a __________(increased or decreased) heart rate

A

Less, decreased

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17
Q

The mechanism of action of beta-blockers is to…

A

Decrease heart rate
-decreased myocardial oxygen demand
-increased oxygen delivery to the heart

Decrease myocardial contractility
- Helps to conserve energy
- Decrease demand

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18
Q

The indications for beta-blockers include…

A
  • Angina
  • Antihypertensive
  • Cardioprotective effects, especially after MI
  • Some used for migraine headaches
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19
Q

The contraindications for beta-blockers include…

A

asthma, serious conduction disturbances

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20
Q

Side effects of beta-blockers on the cardiovascular system include…

A
  • Bradycardia
  • hypotension
  • 2nd or 3rd degree heart block
  • heart failure
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21
Q

Side effects of beta-blockers on the metabolic system

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A

Altered glucose and lipid metabolism

22
Q

Side effects of beta blockers on the CNS

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A

Dizziness
fatigue
mental depression
lethargy
drowsiness
unusual dreams

23
Q

Beta-blockers should never be suddenly discontinued due to risk of…

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A

Rebound hypertension

24
Q

T/F, beta-blockers are used for short-term relief of of angina and BP regulation

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A

False, it is a long-term treatment

25
Clients taking beta-blockers should monitor pulse rate daily and report any rate lower than ____ beats per minute
60
26
T/F dizziness and fainting are normal side effects of beta blockers and do not need to be reported
FALSE
27
Constipation is a common problem; instruct clients to take in adequate fluids and eat foods high in what?
Fibre
28
What does the ACE in ACE inhibitor stand for?
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
29
T/F ACE inhibitors are a large group of safe and effective drugs
true
30
ACE inhibitors are often used as first-line agents for which disorders?
Congestive heart failure Hypertension
31
ACE inhibitors are often combined with which drugs?
Diuretics and calcium-channel blockers
32
Angiotensin II is...
a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulator of aldosterone from the adrenal glands
33
Aldosterone increases BP through...
Stimulation of sodium and water reabsorption
34
The mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors is...
ACE inhibitors block the angiotensin-converting enzyme, thus preventing the formation of angiotensin II The result of this is: - decreased systemic vascular resistance - vasodilation - decreased BP
35
Some indications for ACE inhibitors include...
- Hypertension - Congestive Heart Failure - Slows progression of left ventricular hypertrophy post MI - Renal protective effects in clients with diabetes
36
CatoPRIL, LisinoPRIL, RamiPRIL are all examples of what kind of drug?
ACE inhibitors
37
Side effects of ACE inhibitors include...
Fatigue Headache Impaired taste Hyperkalemia Dizziness Mood changes Dry non-productive cough (reverses with drug d/c)
38
After the first dose of an ACE inhibitor, what effect may occur?
Hypotensive effect
39
Which drugs have similar effects to ACE inhibitors?
Angiotensin II blockers
40
The function of angiotensin II blockers are to...
Compete with Angiotensin II for binding sites Blocks the action of Angiotensin II on target cells – - Blocks the VASOCONSTRICTING activity of Angiotensin II
41
The function of calcium channel blockers is to...
Blocks Ca+ at receptor sites - prevents muscle contraction - smooth muscle relaxation
42
A decreased peripheral smooth muscle tone due to CCB's results in what?
Decreased systemic vascular resistance
43
Indications for Calcium-channel blockers include...
Angina Hypertension Dysrhythmias Migraine headaches
44
Diltiazem is an example of...
Calcium-channel blockers
45
The function of Vasodilators is to...
Act directly on arteriolar smooth muscle to relax Results in decreased systemic vascular resistance
46
minoxidil, Hydralizine, and diazoxide are examples of...
Vasodilators
47
While on hypertensives, it is incredibly important that the client keep a detailed journal documenting what?
Regular BP checks
48
Hypertensive drugs should not be stopped abruptly as it could result in what?
Rebound hypertensive crisis Stroke
49
Oral forms of hypertensives should be given when?
With food or at mealtimes. Food helps to make absorption more gradual and effective
50
The normal daily fibre intake is...
between 21-38 mg a day
51
The normal daily sodium intake is...
<23000 mg a day
52
A good BMI range is between...
18-26

Pharmacology (26 decks)

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