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Computer Science > 4.5 [Fundamentals of Data Representation] > Flashcards

4.5 [Fundamentals of Data Representation] Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What are Natural Numbers?

A

Positive whole numbers that occur in nature

Examples include 1, 2, 3, etc.

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2
Q

What are Integers?

A

Positive and negative whole numbers

Examples include -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, etc.

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3
Q

Define Rational Numbers.

A

Numbers that can be written as a ratio of two integers

Examples include 0.4, -4.

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4
Q

What are Real Numbers?

A

All possible real-world quantities

Natural numbers are used for counting, while real numbers are used for measuring.

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5
Q

What is the base of a number system?

A

The number of unique digits it requires.

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6
Q

What are the digits used in the Binary system?

A

0, 1

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7
Q

What are the digits used in the Decimal system?

A

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

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8
Q

What are the digits used in the Hexadecimal system?

A

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

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9
Q

How is a subscript used in number systems?

A

It denotes the base being used to avoid ambiguity.

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10
Q

What is an unsigned integer?

A

Natural numbers written using columns of digits.

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11
Q

What is the least significant digit?

A

The rightmost digit in a number, having the lowest value.

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12
Q

What is the most significant digit?

A

The leftmost digit in a number, having the highest value.

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13
Q

How many values can a 4-bit unsigned integer represent?

A

16 different values (from 0 to 15).

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14
Q

How many values can an 8-bit unsigned integer represent?

A

256 different values (from 0 to 255).

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15
Q

What is the formula for the number of values an n-bit unsigned integer can represent?

A

2^n values (from 0 to 2^n-1).

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16
Q

How do you convert Binary to Decimal?

A

Add up the column values for a 1.

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: To convert Decimal to Binary, you repeatedly divide by _____ and take the remainder.

A

2

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18
Q

What is the process for converting Binary to Hexadecimal?

A

Split the binary number into groups of 4 and convert each group to decimal.

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19
Q

What is overflow in binary arithmetic?

A

Occurs when an arithmetic operation results in a value too large to represent with available bits.

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20
Q

What does the most significant bit (MSB) indicate in signed binary?

A

If the MSB is 1, the number is negative.

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21
Q

How do you represent negative numbers in signed binary?

A

Using overflow to represent numbers below 0.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: Absolute error is the difference between the real number and the closest number that can be _____ in fixed point binary.

A

represented

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23
Q

What is the purpose of normalising floating point numbers?

A

To guarantee there is only one way to represent each number and to maximise the accuracy for the given number of bits.

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24
Q

What are the two systems used for storing text in binary?

A

ASCII and Unicode.

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25
What is the relationship between fixed point and floating point numbers regarding accuracy?
Fixed point numbers have a constant absolute error, while floating point numbers have a constant relative error.
26
How is a floating point number evaluated?
mantissa × 2^exponent
27
What is a mantissa in floating point representation?
A number with a binary point after the most significant digit.
28
What does a negative exponent do in floating point representation?
Makes the number smaller.
29
What does a positive mantissa result in?
A positive number.
30
What is the absolute error for the number 9.3 represented in fixed point binary?
0.0125
31
What is the final value when converting -0.09375 to floating point?
-0.9375 ## Footnote The sign is removed during the conversion process.
32
What is the binary representation of the number 4.75 in fixed point?
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 ## Footnote This representation is used before normalizing the binary point.
33
What are the two systems used for storing text in binary?
* ASCII * Unicode
34
What is a limitation of ASCII?
Only 256 different characters can be represented ## Footnote This is not sufficient for all languages.
35
How many bits does Unicode use for each character?
16 bits ## Footnote Unicode can represent a set of 65536 characters.
36
What is the primary function of error detection systems?
Detect if one or more bits of data have been transmitted incorrectly
37
What is a parity bit?
A bit added to ensure an even or odd number of 1s
38
For even parity, what would 0010101 become?
00101011 ## Footnote A 1 is added to make four 1s.
39
Define check digit in error detection.
A value calculated from the data packet using an algorithm
40
What is Majority Voting in error correction?
A technique where three or more copies of each bit are sent
41
What is the function of an Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC)?
Converts an analogue signal to digital data by sampling
42
What does a Digital to Analogue Converter (DAC) do?
Creates an analogue signal from digital data
43
What is sample resolution in audio representation?
The number of bits used to store each sample
44
What does a higher sample resolution indicate?
More accurate amplitude measurements
45
What is the Nyquist theorem related to audio sampling?
The sampling rate must be twice the highest frequency
46
How is the size of a sound sample calculated?
Length × Rate × Resolution
47
What does MIDI audio represent?
Instructions for pitch, voice, volume, length, etc.
48
True or False: MIDI can store faithful reproductions of real audio waveforms.
False
49
What are bitmap images represented as?
A grid of coloured pixels
50
What does the resolution of a bitmap indicate?
The number of pixels per unit of size
51
How is the file size of a bitmap calculated?
Resolution × Depth × Size (+ metadata)
52
What are vector images represented as?
A list of geometric shapes
53
What is the advantage of vector images over bitmap images?
Infinitely scalable and easily edited
54
What is lossy compression?
Algorithms that alter data slightly to reduce size
55
What is run length encoding?
A lossless algorithm that stores concurrent values as a value and frequency
56
What is dictionary compression?
Assigning numbers to words, pixels, or patterns for storage
57
What is the purpose of encryption?
To turn plaintext into ciphertext using a cipher
58
What is a Caesar cipher?
An ancient cipher where each letter is shifted along the alphabet
59
True or False: The Vernam cipher is easily cracked by brute force.
False
60
What is a requirement for the Vernam cipher to be uncrackable?
Key must be truly random and used only once
61
What is the Vernam cipher?
The Vernam cipher is an uncrackable cipher where each bit is XORed with the equivalent bit from a random key

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