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Politics Paper 3 > 4.5 Race and rights in contemporary US Politics > Flashcards

4.5 Race and rights in contemporary US Politics Flashcards

1
Q

3

Describe methods of achieving race/rights change

A
  • Legal action
  • Mass demonstrations and direct action
  • media and social media
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2
Q

3

Describe legal action to achieve race/rights change

A
  • Groups can appeal cases to SC - Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Integration and Immigrant Rights + BAMN brought 2014 case challenging ban on affirmative action in Michigan state constitution
  • Groups can submit amicus curiae briefs - 60 filed in Trump v Hawaii 2018 (‘travel ban’ case) including from NAACP
  • Individuals can bring cases - Brown v Board of Education 1954 and Fisher v Univeristy of Texas 2016

BAMN - Fight for Equality by any means necessary

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3
Q

3

Give examples of mass demonstrations

A
  • BLM after George Floyd deaths
  • Hispanic/Latino community led protests against Trumps’ executive order separating families at Mexico border
  • 2017 Women’s March drew 200k to DC to protests Trump’s inaugration
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4
Q

3

Give examples of smaller-scale direct action

A
  • Montgommery bus protests
  • Interruptions of Senate Committee room during appoitnment process of Kavanaugh
  • National Council of La Raza dubbed Obama ‘deporter-in-chief’ at annual conference in 2014 after he deported 2m illegal immigrants
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5
Q

4

Describe media and social media as a method to achieve race/rights change

A
  • Accelerated time for issue to reach political mainstage
  • Youth factor
  • e.g. 55% of black social media users aged 18-49 posted picture supportive of BLM compared to 36% of those aged 50+
  • seen in quick emergence of BLM, MeToo
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6
Q

3

Describe affirmative action

A
  • Executive Order 10925 (JFK) requires government contracters to ensure histrocially disadvantaged groups are favoured in employment
  • Intended to create greater effective equality in university admissions, ending ‘busing’, etc
  • Students for Fair Admission v Havard
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7
Q

3

Describe recent developments in affirmative action

A
  • Fisher I (2013) and II (2016) upheld affirmative action in University of Texas admissions policy as ‘strict scrutiny’
  • Students for Fair Admissions v Harvard (2023) - rejected affirmative action regarding race in college applications
  • 9 states explicitly ban its use in employment practices as of 2024
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8
Q

3

Describe recent SC cases in voting rights

A
  • Shelby County v Holder 2014
  • Husted v Randolph Institute 2018
  • Brnovich v DNC 2021
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9
Q

3

Describe Shelby v County 2014

A
  • Struck down aspects of Voting Rights Act 1965 which required areas with historic records of disenfranchisement to gain federal clearance before changing electoral aspects
  • North Carolina subsequently made photo ID requirement when voting
  • Low-income and minority groups disproportionally lack such ID
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10
Q

3

Describe Husted v Randolph Institute (2018)

A
  • Allowed Ohio to continue ‘voter caging’ (allows individuals to be struck from voting regsiter if they return undelivered ntoice and fail to vote in next 2 federal elections)
  • NAACP brief claims it affects black voters disporportionally
  • Big impact in 2018 midterms which saw Republicans retain Senate
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11
Q

4

Describe Brnovich v DNC (2021)

A
  • Upheld Arizona’s laws on ballot collecting and out-of-precinct voting
  • Ballot collecting - gathering of mail-in/absentee ballots to third party, rather than official ballot collecting site first
  • Out-of-precinct voting - votes cast in wrong precinct ignored
  • Proponents argue enfranchisement of those in remote areas, hospitals, etc; critics cite fraud/disenfranchisement
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12
Q

4

Describe recent racial rights representation in the US

A
  • More AAs in cabinet e.g. Lloyd Austin - defence
  • Obama - first AA president
  • Harris - first female WOC to hold VP office
  • 2 black justices in SC, 1 Jew, 1 Hispanic
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13
Q

3

Describe recent immigration history in the US (Obama)

A
  • Obama failed to pass DREAM Act (grant temporary conditional residency to undocumented immigrants)
  • Obama failed to pass Gang of Eight’s bipartisan Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization bill of 2013 (gave undocumented pathway to citizenship)
  • Obama used exec order DACA 2012 to allow illegal immigrants to recieve temporary removal of deportation threat under certain conditions - struck down in Texas v USA 2016
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14
Q

2

Describe recent immigration history in the US (Trump/Biden)

A
  • Trump - muslim travel ban, wall, First Steps Act 2018
  • Biden - 2021 exec order to strengthen remaining parts of DACA
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15
Q

3

List 3 recent rulings relating to immigration reform

A
  • Arizona v USA (2012)
  • Texas v USA (2016)
  • Trump v Hawaii (2018)
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16
Q

4

Describe Arizona v USA (2012)

A
  • SC struck down key aspects of Arizona’s 1070 law
  • Due to clash with federal law
  • Law included provision that immigrants must carry registration documents
  • Demonstrated limited opportunity for state action over imigration regualtion enforcement
17
Q

3

Describe Texas v USA (2016)

A
  • Court split 4-4
  • Struck down DACA executive order
  • demsontrated weakness of Obama policy
18
Q

4

Describe Trump v Hawaii (2018)

A
  • ruled that Trump travel ban was not unconstitutional
  • lied within remit of executive action
  • showed conservative restraint towards 1st amendment
  • demonstrated clash between liberal/conservative justices, with former arguing ban was religiously motivated
19
Q

4

Describe the recent success in promoting racial equality

A
  • Obama’s DACA executive order provided temporary amnesty from 2012-2016
  • Upholding of affirmative action (until 2023)
  • Increased diversity in political office
  • Ethic vote increasingly important - greater attention to minority issues
20
Q

2

Describe examples of the growing importance of the hispanic vote

A
  • Trump won Florida in 2020 on back of hispanic support
  • Will make up 25% of population by 2050
21
Q

4

Describe the recent failure in promoting racial equality

A
  • Failure to pass meaningful immigration reform legislation despite bipartisan support in Senate e.g. Bipartisan National Security Agreement
  • Housing patterns show continuing segregation woes - Bush accussed of racism in 2005 after slow federal response to Hurricane Katrina in black area of New Orleans
  • BLM protests evidence continuing inequality
  • Students for Fair Admission v Havard - number of ethnics attending university has fallen despite increase in population
22
Q

4

Describe the division over the Bipartisan National Security Agreement

A
  • bill addresses several national secuirty issues relating to immigration
  • Passed Senate 68-32
  • Supported by President Biden
  • Declared ‘dead on arrival’ in House

Politics Paper 3 (34 decks)

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