4.5 Species and taxonomy

Question 1

What is courtship behaviour essential for?

Answer 1

Successful mating and species recognition.

Question 2

What is the definition of a species?

Answer 2

A group of organisms with similar features that are capable of breeding, to produce living, fertile offspring.

Question 3

Why must species reproduce?

Answer 3

To pass on advantageous alleles for the survival of their species.

Question 4

What are courtship rituals?

Answer 4

A sequence of actions that is unique to each species.

Question 5

What is courtship behaviour?

Answer 5

Behaviour carried out by organisms to attract a mate of the same species.

Question 6

Most courtship rituals are performed by __________.

Answer 6

Males.

Question 7

What can courtship rituals include?

Answer 7

A sequence of dance moves, sounds, release of pheromones, display of colourful feathers or fighting.

Question 8

Courtship allows species to ensure ____________ ____________.

Answer 8

Successful reproduction.

Question 9

How does courtship allow species to ensure successful reproduction?

Answer 9

• They can recognise individuals of their own species and the opposite sex.
• Species can synchronize mating behaviour.

Question 10

Courtship ensures the survival of the _____________

Answer 10

Offspring.

Question 11

How does courtship ensure the survival of the offspring?

Answer 11

• Species can form a pair bond.
• Choose a strong and healthy mate.

Question 12

The more similar a courtship sequence is between different species…

Answer 12

The more closely related a species are.

Question 13

What is the binomial system for naming organisms?

Answer 13

First name: Genus; second name: species.

Question 14

What is a taxon?

Answer 14

A group of organisms in a classification system.

Question 15

Give an example of a taxon.

Answer 15

Kingdom.

Question 16

What is the definition of hierarchy?

Answer 16

Large groups are split into smaller groups which do not overlap.

Question 17

What is the hierarchy order?

Answer 17

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Question 18

What are the 3 domains?

Answer 18

Prokaryotes, eukaryotes, archaea.

Question 19

Are archaea unicellular or multicellular?

Answer 19

Unicellular.

Question 20

Where do archaea store their genetic material?

Answer 20

In the cytoplasm.

Question 21

Do archaea have a nucleus?

Answer 21

No.

Question 22

Are archaea prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Answer 22

Prokaryotic.

Question 23

Are bacteria unicellular or multicellular?

Answer 23

Unicellular.

Question 24

Where do bacteria store their genetic material?

Answer 24

In the cytoplasm.

Question 25

How do bacteria reproduce?

Answer 25

By binary fission.

Question 26

Are bacteria eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Answer 26

Prokaryotic.

Question 27

What do the walls of bacteria contain?

Answer 27

Peptidoglycan.

Question 28

Do bacteria have a nucleus?

Answer 28

No.

Question 29

How do eukaryotes reproduce?

Answer 29

Mitosis.

Question 30

Can eukaryotes reproduce sexually or asexually?

Answer 30

Either.

Question 31

What is the phylogenetic system based on?

Answer 31

Evolutionary history.

Question 32

What is a simple hierarchy based on?

Answer 32

Characteristics.

Question 33

What is phylogeny?

Answer 33

The evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Question 34

Describe the process of using immunology in testing for genetic relationships.

Answer 34

- Inject protein from one species into another organism. - Obtain antibodies. - Add protein/plasma from other species. - The amount of precipitate indicates relationship (the more precipitate = more closely related).

Question 35

What term is used to describe the method of naming organisms?

Answer 35

Binomial.

Question 36

What information does the phylogenetic classification of field mice provide?

Answer 36

1. Same genus; 2. Same evolutionary origin / common ancestor.

Question 37

Describe how breeding experiments could determine whether two populations are from the same species.

Answer 37

1. Breed the two mice together; 2. (Same species) produce fertile offspring.

Question 38

Other than hunting, suggest two reasons why populations might show very low levels of genetic diversity.

Answer 38

1. Population might have been very small / genetic bottleneck. 2. Population might have started with small number of individuals. 3. Inbreeding.

Question 39

What are some more modern classification systems?

Answer 39

- DNA sequence. - mRNA sequence. - Amino acids sequence. - Immunological.

Question 40

How does phylogenetic classification arrange species into groups?

Answer 40

According to their evolutionary relationships & origins.

Question 41

All organisms have evolved from a shared ____________ __________________.

Answer 41

Common ancestor.

Question 42

What is the binomial system?

Answer 42

First name = Genus; second name = species.

Question 43

Why can different species look similar?

Answer 43

- Live in a similar environment. - Have similar selection pressures. - Similar alleles will have the selective advantage. - Produces similar/same proteins, and therefore have similar characteristics.

Question 44

What is a hierarchy?

Answer 44

Smaller groups arranged within larger groups, with NO overlap between groups.

Question 45

What information does the phylogenetic classification of field mice provide?

Answer 45

- Same genus. - Same evolutionary origin/common ancestor.

Question 46

State three comparisons of genetic diversity used to generate Classification Y (a phylogenetic tree).

Answer 46

- Base sequence of DNA. - Base sequence of mRNA. - Amino acid sequence.

Question 47

What is one source of DNA obtained from otters that were alive before hunting started?

Answer 47

Bone/skin.

Question 48

What is meant by genetic diversity?

Answer 48

Number of different alleles of each gene.

Question 49

Give three ways in which courtship behaviour increases the probability of successful mating.

Answer 49

- Recognise/attract the same species. - Synchronised mating. - Attraction of a mate of the opposite sex. - Formation of a pair bond between 2 organisms.

Question 50

Name the taxonomic group between order and genus.

Answer 50

Family.

Question 51

Three of the bee species collected in the farmland areas were Peponapis pruinosa, Andrena chlorogaster and Andrena piperi. What do these names suggest about the evolutionary relationships between these bee species? Explain your answer.

Answer 51

1. A. chlorogaster and A. piperi are more closely related (to each other than to P. pruinosa); 2. Because they are in the same genus;