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pe > 4.5- Stages of learning, guidance, feedback > Flashcards

4.5- Stages of learning, guidance, feedback Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is the cognitive stage

A

-earliest stage of learning when performer understands what needs to be done

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2
Q

What often occurs in the cognitive stage

A

-lots of trial and error- trying out different movements

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3
Q

What is the teachers influence in the cognitive stage

A

-teachers may use demonstrations, methods of guidance

-

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4
Q

Give a practical example of cognitive stage of learning

A

-teaching a novice badminton player the correct technique for serving and highlight important points

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5
Q

What is stage 1 in the stages of learning

A

The Cognitive Stage

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6
Q

What is stage 2 in the stages of learning

A

The Associative Stage

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7
Q

What is the associative stage

A

-when performer practices and compares the movements produced with the mental image

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8
Q

What often occurs in the associative stage

A

leaner gradually becomes more aware oif inceasingly subtle and complex cues

  • vast improvement in performance occurs
  • motor programmes form
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9
Q

Give a practical example of the associative stage of learning

A
  • novice badminton player is more aware of what needs to be done for her serve
  • serve is more consistent and accurate
  • performer is correcting errors without a teachers help
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10
Q

What is the autonomous stage

A

-final stage of learning

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11
Q

What often occurs in the autonomous stage

A
  • mivements are becoming almost automatic with little conscious thought
  • distractions are ignored
  • performer is able to concentrate on descisions and strategies
  • motor programmes are formed
  • reaction time is short
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12
Q

Give a practical example of the autonomous stage of learning

A

badminton performer is now coniddent and can consistently perform accurate serves with minimum amount of thought

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13
Q

Name the 4 types of guidance

A
  • visual guidance
  • verbal guidance
  • mechanical guidance
  • manual guidance
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14
Q

What is visual guidance

A

when the learner watches a model/ video of someone performing the skill (demonstration to form mental image)

  • to be effective demonstration should be supported by verbal guidance
  • good at cognitive stage
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15
Q

Give an example of visual guidance

A

demonstration of pass in rugby

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16
Q

Name 2 advantages of visual guidance

A
  • enables skill to be seen in different stages- increases understanding
  • performer finds it easy to create a mental picture of what is required by the skill- so player can correct errors
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17
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of visual guidance

A
  • demonstration could be incorrect- performer develops bad habits
  • coach may not be able to show accurate demonstration
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18
Q

What is verbal guidance

A
  • learner is told what to do

- spoken instruction

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19
Q

Give an example of verbal guidance

A

telling player what tactics to use in a game

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20
Q

Name 2 advantages of verbal guidance

A
  • can be in the form of feedback- used to reinforce good movements- develops understanding
  • can hold attention of performer if used appropriately
  • good at autonomous stage
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21
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of verbal guidance

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A
  • can lead to ‘information overload’- performer getting distracted/ confused
  • guidance given could be inaccurate
  • some skills are too complex for verbal guidance alone (e.g. somersault)
  • can be confusing at cognitive stage
22
Q

Give an example of manual guidance

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A

-physical support during forehand shot in tennis

23
Q

What is mechanical guidance

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A
  • learner uses equipment/ apparatus to help performance

- supporting body through the movement using apparatus to develop confidence

24
Q

What is mechanical guidance

Study These Flashcards
A
  • learner uses equipment/ apparatus to help performance

- supporting body through the movement using apparatus to develop confidence

25
Give an example of mechanical guidance
-using harness in trampolining when learning advanced/ dangerous moves
26
Name 6 advantages of manual guidance
- corrects errrors - can give performer greater sense of safety and help with their confidence - at autonomous stage helps to develop more complex skills - gives feeling of movement and develops timing - effective at cognitive stage - may motivate younger people to pursue the sport
27
Name 5 disadvantages of manual guidance
- learners cannot correct errors for themselves - close proximity of coach could be uncomfortable for learners - ineffective if used for too long- learner can become too reliant - can be over-restrictive- performer may feel lack of control - can lead to false sense of kinaesthetic- performer not getting true sense of skill action
28
Name 6 advantages of mechanical guidance
- corrects errors - can give performer greater sense of safety and help with their confidence - at autonomous stage helps to develop more complex skills - gives feeling of movement and develops timing - effective at cognitive stage - may motivate younger people to pursue the sport
29
Name 5 disadvantages of mechanical guidance
- learners cannot correct errors for themselves - ineffective if used for too long- learner can become too reliant - can be over-restrictive- performer may feel lack of control - can lead to false sense of kinaesthetic- performer not getting true sense of skill action - may develop false confidence
30
What is intrinsic feedback
feedback that comes from within yourself through kinesthesis often continuous in nature- arises from signals from proprioceptors found in muscles, ligaments, joints helps autonomous performers correct movements during performance
31
What is extrinsic feedback
feedback that comes from an external/ outside source (a coach) can be positive or negative used to support intrinsic feedback good for cognitive performers
32
What is positive feedback
feedback given about correct performance of a skill can be intrinsic or extrinsic used to reinforce correct action
33
What is negative feedback
feedback given about incorrect performance of a skill can be intrinsic or extrinsic
34
What is knowledge of results feedback
feedback as a result of a skill
35
What is knowledge of performance feedback
feedback about the quality of a performance, whether the technique was correct
36
Name the 6 types of feedback
- intrinsic feedback - extrinsic feedback - positive feedback - negative feedback - knowledge of results feedback - knowledge of performance feedback
37
Name 5 advantages of intrinsic feedback
- good at the autonomous stage - helps fluency of skill- performer can alter performance whilst doing it - allows performer to have more attentional space (less to think about) so has time to think about periperal stimuli - performer doesnt need to rely on others - movements can be corrected immediately
38
Give an example of intrinsic feedback
-passing a ball inaccurately will
39
Give an example of extrinsic feedback
-score a weak shot- coach gives you feedback on what you should do next time
40
Name 2 disadvantages of intrinsic feedback
- less effective at cognitive & associative stage- may not know correct feel of skill - can hinder learning if overused- may think was correct is incorrect
41
Name 3 advantages of extrinsic feedback
- good at cognitive & associative stage - helps learner understand what they are doing wrong - coach can be giving coaching points that may lead to improvement
42
Name 2 disadvantages of extrinsic feedback
- feedback from coaches could be inaccurate- can negatively affect performers performance - learner can become too dependent on this- less effective in developing kinesthesis- needed to reach autonomous stage
43
Name 2 advantages of positive feedback
- motivating | - helps build self-esteem and confidence
44
Name 2 disadvantages of positive feedback
-some performers don't respond well to too much praise- may ignore feedback- hinders performance and learning
45
Name 2 advantages of negative feedback
-motivates some performers -
46
Name 2 disadvantages of negative feedback
- demotivating | - may be detrimental to learning process if feedback is inaccurate
47
Name 2 advantages of knowledge of results feedback
- good at cognitive and associative stages- easy to see if movement was accurate or not - allows correction after movement or outcome of movement- good for ? skills as outcome/ result is the measure of success
48
Name 2 advantages of knowledge of performance feedback
- ideal at autonomous stage when kinesthetsis helps with technique - allows for quick correction during performance - very effective in some closed skills- enables technique t be adjusted
49
Name 2 disadvantages of knowledge of results feedback
- not as effective at autonomous stage- can only be used after movement has been completed- corrections cant be made during performance - not as effective in some closed skills- technique is often the measure of success
50
Name 2 disadvantages of knowledge of performance feedback
- less likely at cognitive stage - gained through experience- may take a long time to develop- long process may be demotivating- may prevent some learners from reaching autnomous stage
51
How can a coach ensure feedback is effective
- limit amount of info given- too much info overloads performer- points given should be specific, understood - timings of the feedback- should be given straight away after performance- when still fresh in memory - encourage them to develop kinesthesis/ intrinsic feedback- recognise for themselves- quality of their movements - related to the individual- can relate to it and are accountable in future actions

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