450 Therapuetic Modalities

Question 1

Types of Modalities

Answer 1

cryotherapy, electrical stimulation, ultrasound. massage. traction, diathermy, lasers and magnets

Question 2

Methods of Heat Transfer

Answer 2

conduction
convection
conversion
radiation
evaporation

Question 3

Conduction

Answer 3

heat transfer from warmer object to cooler one
depends on temperature, exposure time, and tissue thickness
i.e. moist hot pack. paraffin bath, ice pack, cold pack

Question 4

Convection

Answer 4

transfer of heat through mvmt of fluids or gases
depends on temp, speed, conductivity impact
i.e. whirlpools and fluidotherapy

Question 5

Radiation

Answer 5

heat transferred from one object through space to another
depends on intensity,size, distance, and angle
i.e. shortwave diathermy, infrared heathing, and ultraviolet

Question 6

Conversion

Answer 6

changing nonthermal energy to thermal energy(sound,electric,chemical)
depends on power
i.e. ultrasound and diathermy

Question 7

Evaporation

Answer 7

change b/t liquid to gas state

i.e. vapocoolant spray

Question 8

Wavelength (km, m,angstorms)

Answer 8

distance b/t one point on a wave to next wave

as wl increases frequency decreases

Question 9

Frequency ( HZ or MHZ)

Answer 9

wave oscillations in a second

frequency increases, wavelength decreases

Question 10

Electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 10

visible/nonvisible refracted light

rely on electromagnetic energy that can be absorbed, refracted, reflected, or transmitted

Question 11

Reflect

Answer 11

bend back from surface

Question 12

Transmit

Answer 12

penetrate deeper tissue

Question 13

Refract

Answer 13

change direction or bend away

Question 14

Absorb

Answer 14

infiltrate deeper tissue

Question 15

Electromagnetic Modalities

Answer 15

infrared, biofeedback, iotophoresis, ultraviolet, electrical stimulation, diathermy, lasers

Question 16

Infrared modalities

Answer 16

cold pack, whirlpool, paraffin, hydrocollator, infrared lamp

Question 17

Acoustic Modalities

Answer 17

ultrasound- high frequency, molecular collision for energy transfer

Question 18

Arndt-Schultz Principle

Answer 18

absorbed energy must be sufficient to initiate physiological effect

Question 19

Law of Grotthus-Draper

Answer 19

unabsorbed energy is transmitted deepers

Question 20

Cosine Law

Answer 20

based on angle of tx, cosine of tx anle dictates significance of heating i.e. diathermy
perpendicular 100%
45 degree 71%

Question 21

Inverse Square Law

Answer 21

based on distance of tx, decreased distance increases intensity by 1/3

Question 22

Pain Response

Answer 22

behavioral, cognitive, cultural, emotional, sensory

Question 23

Forms of pain

Answer 23

acute, chronic, radiating, referred, trigger point, visceral

Question 24

Sclerotomic

Answer 24

deep somatic track that is innervated by same signal spine nerve, pain from all tissues innervated by same nerve

Question 25

Somatic pain

Answer 25

pain from the skin and deep tissues

Question 26

Visceral pain

Answer 26

pain from internal organs

Question 27

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 27

pressure, meissner, pacinian, and merkel corpuscles

Question 28

Nociceptors

Answer 28

pain, free nerve endings

Question 29

Proprioceptors

Answer 29

tension, muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

Question 30

Thermoreceptos

Answer 30

temperature, Ruffini corpuscles and krause end bulbs

Question 31

Afferent pain transmission

Answer 31

dorsal horn, periphery to brain

Question 32

Efferent pain transmission

Answer 32

ventral horn, brain to periphery

Question 33

First-order neurons pain transmission

Answer 33

periphery to dorsal root ganglion

Question 34

Second-order neurons pain transmission

Answer 34

spinal cord connecting to thalamus

Question 35

Third-order neurons pain transmission

Answer 35

thalamus connecting to cerebral cortex

Question 36

A-B nerve fibers

Answer 36

fast size and speed; myelinated

Question 37

A-o nerve fibers

Answer 37

moderate size and speed, myelinated

Question 38

C nerve fibers

Answer 38

small, slow, unmyelinated

Question 39

Gate Control Theory

Answer 39

A-B fibers travel faster to the dorsal horn and stimulate inhibitory neurons, substania gelatinosa does/doesnt send sensation to second order afferent, T cell takes sensory info to brain: CLOSE GAIT STIMULAT A-B fibers to block other fibers transmission

Question 40

Gate Control Execution

Answer 40

Ascending Pathway | Modalities: Sensory level TENS, moist heat pack, whirl pool, ice, some massage

Question 41

Central Biasing Theory

Answer 41

Brain impulses (thalamus) carried to dorsal horn, "close the gate" to painful stimulus, midbrain adn pons/medulla stimulate release of enkephalin in dorsal horn

Question 42

Central Biasing Execution

Answer 42

Pathway descending | modalities: accupressure, TENS, point stimulators, strong motor electrical stimulation

Question 43

Endorphins and Dynorphin Theory

Answer 43

not clearly understod, hypothalamus influences PAG in brainstem, B endorphin released from brainstem, dynorphin found in PAG

Question 44

Endorphins and Dynorphin Theory

Answer 44

Pathway Descending | Selected modalities: noxious electrical stimulation, acupuncture, electroacupuncture

Question 45

Safety in using Therapeutic Modalities

Answer 45

equipment used/maintained in appropriate manner follow manufacturer recommendations failure to follow = NEGLIGENCE