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Biology Exam Review > Homeostasis - Nervous System > Flashcards

Homeostasis - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Dendrites

A
  • recieve incoming impulse

- long branched outgrowths

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2
Q

Cell Body

A
  • contains most of cell’s organelles

- responsible for cell activity

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3
Q

Axon

A
  • long insulated fibre

- most of neurons length

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4
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

-gaps btw 2 insulating cells along axon

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5
Q

Glial Cells

A

-provide nutrients to parts of neuron too far away from nucleus

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6
Q

Axon Terminal

A
  • end of axon

- pass impulse to next neuron

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7
Q

Synapse

A

-gap btw 2 neurons

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8
Q

Myelin

A
  • fatty insulation around axon
  • protects axon from ECF
  • speeds up rate of impluse
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9
Q

Sensory Neuron

A
  • transmits signals to CNS

- cell body lies close to CNS

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10
Q

Motor Neuron

A
  • transmits signals away from CNS

- cell body located within CNS

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11
Q

Associate Neuron

A
  • transmit signals btw sensory and motor
  • entirely within CNS
  • neurons of brain/spinal cord
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12
Q

Structure of Brain

A
  • grey matter: outside, composed of cell bodies
  • white matter: inside composed of axons
  • folds increase SA = more neurons
  • surrounded by 3 protective membranes: meninges
  • layer of cerebrospinal fluid lies btw. brain/meninges
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13
Q

Describe blood-brain barrier

A
  • due to fact that capillaries in brain tighly packed together, some substances cannot be passes to capillaries in brain
  • protects brain from substances found in blood meant for other parts of body
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14
Q

What is the brain stem?

A
  • all motor/sensory neurons must pass through here (to/from brain)
  • medulla oblongata: maintains visceral functions, intermediary btw. brain/spinal cord, cranial nerves connect here
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15
Q

What is the cerebellum concerned with?

A

-movement, muscular coordination, balance, equilibrium,

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16
Q

What are the parts/components of the forebrain?

A
  • cerebrum
  • thalamus
  • basail ganglia
  • limbic system: hypothalamus, amygdala
  • related areas
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17
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

-composed of 4 lobes, left/right hemisphere, connects by corpus callosum
Frontal: judgement, impulse control, language, problem solving, reasoning, memory, ability to plan
Parietal: arithmetic, reading, sensroy information
Occiptal: visual processing
Temporal: memory, hearing, preception, recognition

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18
Q

What is the thalamus?

A
  • relay centre for sensory input on its way to cortex
  • amplifies some, suppresses others
  • directs into to specific parts of cerebrum
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19
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia?

A
  • region connecting, thalamus, cerebrum, brainstem

- centre for motor control, memory, learning

20
Q

Describe the Limbic System

A

-set of structures under thalamus, emotions, behaviour & memory
Hypothalamus: homeostatic mechanism, sends msgs with pituitary gland
Amagdala: controls feelings such as fear/aggression

21
Q

What are related areas?

A
  • connects pathways to various parts of cerebrum & limbic system
  • sends info dealing with emotion, memory, pleasure, award, addiction
22
Q

Structure-Spinal Cord

A

-extends dwon from medulla through vertebral column
white-outside layer
grey-inside layer
-3 layers of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
-31 pairs of nerve roots branch from spinal cord btw verebrae

23
Q

What is a nerve root?

A
  • mixed root with sensory and motor neurons
  • sensory dorsal (back)
  • motor front
24
Q

Describe all parts of relex arc pathway

A

sensory receptor- senses stimulus
sensory neuron- carries msg to spinal cord
assosiated neuron- recieve msg, stimulates motor neuron
motor neuron- sends msg to effector
*unconscious control because conscious brain not activated until after neurons involved

25
Q

What is the spinal cord’s function?

A
  • connects brain to PNS

- act as integrating centre in spinal reflex arc

26
Q

Describe the PNS (Peripheral NS)

A

-made up of 12 cranial nerves, 31 pairs spinal nerves, divided into 3 subsystems:
sensory system- sends msgs to CNS
stomatic system-sends msgs away from CNS to voluntary skeletal muscles
autonomic system- sends msgs away from CNS to involuntary smooth muscles

27
Q

What are the 2 antogonostic subsytems of the ANS?

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

28
Q

Describe the Sympathetic NS

A
  • fight or flight, deals with stress/physical activities
  • dialate pupils/bronchioles
  • increase heart rate
  • direct blood to skeletal muscles
  • inhibit digestive secretions/peristalis
29
Q

Describe the Parasympatheic NS

A
  • rest and relaxation, deals with visceral functions
  • constricts pupils/bronchioles
  • decreases heart rate
  • direct blood to visceral organs
  • stimulate peristalsis & digestive secretions
30
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Factors Affecting: size, polarity, charge
-two potentials/gradients:
electric, chemical determine direction of movement
-net -ve charge inside cell relative to outside

31
Q

What is Faciliated Diffusion

A
  • requires integral proteins that can be opened/closed (gated)
  • 3 types: ligand, voltage, mechanical
32
Q

Ligand-Gated Channels

A

ligands-molecules that change proteins shape

  • bind to protein causing channel to open
  • ligand not transported when channel open
33
Q

Mechanically-Gated Channels

A
  • force used to pry open channels

ie. cilia movement

34
Q

Voltage-Gated Channels

A
  • difference of voltages across membrane, cause proteins shape to change
  • open/close channel
35
Q

Active Transport

A
  • requires integral protein & ATP

- pumping molecules against concentration gradient (high to low)

36
Q

What is resting potential?

A

-70mv, Na/K channel open (active transport) and 2 K in to cell, 3 Na coming out cell
[Na]in[K]out

37
Q

What is depolarization?

A
  • when threshold of -50mv reached, Na channel opens and Na rushes into cell, causing action potential to right to +35mV,
  • if threshold not reached, goes back to resting potential, (all of none law of depolarization)
38
Q

What is repolarization?

A
  • once reaches +35mV, K channel opens and K rushes out of cell
  • causes reverse polarity and brings action potential back down to -70mV
39
Q

What is reloading?

A
  • once potential reaches -70mV, Na/K channel open and restore gradient, (3 Na out, 2 K in)
  • membrane unresponsive: refractory period
40
Q

What is action potential?

A
  • wave of depolarization sweeping down Nodes of Ranvier until reach axon terminal
  • called nerve impule action potential
41
Q

Define: synaptic clef, synapse, neurotransmitter

A

synaptic celf: gap btw. axon of 1 neuron & dendrites of next

synapse: area btw synaptic clef & next neuron
neurotransmitter: chemical that carry nerve impulses
- excititory–cause depolarization in postsynaptic
- inhibitory–cause postsynaptic cell to become resistant to depolarization

42
Q

What happens when impulse reaches an axon terminal?

A
  • Ca channels open and Ca rushes into axon terminal, bind to vesicles containing NT and cause vesicles to release contents into synapse
  • NT travel across synapse and bind to receptors on postsynapic cell, act as ligands and cause Na channel to open on next neuron: depolarization
43
Q

What is summation?

A
  • 1 presynaptic neuron stimulus not strong enough to trigger response in postsynaptic cell
    spatial: more than one neuron stimulate postsynaptic neuron
    temporal: one neuron stimulates postsynaptic neuron several times
44
Q

What happens to NT when they are “done their job”?

A
  • reuptake by presynaptic neuron

- broken down by enzymes

45
Q

What are the NT of PNS?

A

stomatic: acetycholine
sensory: acetycholine
parasympathetic: acetycholine
sympathetic: norepinphrine

46
Q

What are the NT of CNS?

A

Glutemate: excitatory, causes depolarization in postsynaptic cell
GABA:inhibits depolarization as hyperpolarizes postsynaptic cell (Cl channel)
Dopamine: found in centres responsible for memory/cognition, controls movement (lack = Parkinson’s), pleasure, motivation, reward-seeking
Seretonin- plays a role in sleep, appetite, aggression, controls mood
Endorphins- inhibit transmission of pain (bind to opiod receptors)

47
Q

How do drugs work?

A
  1. Alter NT released from vesicles
    - nicotine/amphetamines = dopamine
  2. Mimic NT
    - opiates minic endorphines
    - LSD stimulates seretonin receptors/release
    - alcohole stimulates GADA receptors
  3. Block NT reuptake system
    - nicotine = dopamine
    - estacy= serotonin
    - cocaine=dopamine & serotonin

Biology Exam Review (8 decks)

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