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From Flashcardlet > Biology Cells part 2 > Flashcards

Biology Cells part 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Protein variety

A

There are 20 different types of natural amino acids so many different types of proteins can be made

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1
Q

Protein Structure

A

A typical protein is made up of about 400 amino acid.

The 3D shape of a protein determines what it can interact with which determines its purpose

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2
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

Make up structures such as bone and connective tissue, can take the form of rope like fibres
Keratin: makes up hair and nails

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3
Q

Globular-structural proteins

A

Structural component of cell membrane involved in transport in and out of cell
Protein channel and protein carrier

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4
Q

Globular-Enzymes

A

Catalyse biological reactions

Catalase, pepsin, phosphorylase

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5
Q

Globular-hormones

A

Communication between different parts of the body

Insulin:released from pancreas

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6
Q

Globular-antibodies

A

Part of the immune system, produced by white blood cells to destroy viruses and bacteria

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7
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance which speeds up a chemical reaction, is unchanged by reaction, made of protein, lower the activation energy

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8
Q

Enzyme

A

Biological catalyst which speeds up biochemical reactions and is unchanged after reaction, made of protein, made by all living cells

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9
Q

Enzyme specificity

A

Each enzyme is specific to it’s own substrate so each enzyme only catalyses one reaction, substrate enzyme products
——–>

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10
Q

Example of degradation enzyme

A

Protein Pepsin Polypeptide

——–>

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11
Q

Example of synthesis enzyme

A

Glucose-1-phosphate phosphorylase Starch

—————–>

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12
Q

Degradation enzymes

A

Break down the substrate molecules into smaller products

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13
Q

Induced fit

A

An enzymes active site fits the shape of its substrate. When the substrate enters the active site the enzyme’s shape changes slightly to tighten round the substrate increasing the chance of a chemical reaction

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14
Q

Synthesis enzymes

A

Build up the substrate molecules to form larger products

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15
Q

Temperature and enzymes

A

An enzyme works best at its optimum temperature, 37 degrees Celsius, at low temperatures enzymes become inactive but at high temperatures they are denatured

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16
Q

pH and enzymes

A

Enzymes have an optimum pH but also have a working range around that pH. If the pH is below or above the working range the enzyme will become denatured

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17
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Pieces of a chromosome are transferred from one type of organism into a bacterium or another organism

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18
Q

Bacterial cells

A

Contain a single chromosome and rings of genes called plasmids, bacterial cells can be used in genteel engineering to create insulin and human growth hormone

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19
Q

Genetic engineering steps

A
  1. useful gene identified
  2. Gene removed from chromosomes using enzymes
  3. DNA (plasmid) taken from bacterium
  4. Gene placed into the plasmid of host bacterium
  5. bacteria multiply with new gene
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20
Q

Disadvantages of genetic engineering

A

Is expensive and can be harmful to the environment

21
Q

Respiration

A

The process of releasing energy from food

22
Q

Energy uses from respiration

A

Muscle contraction, growth and chemical reactions

23
Q

How to measure energy content in food

A

Burn it and record the temperature rise of the water

24
Q

ATP

A

.An immediate source of energy for cells

.allows energy to be transferred from one reaction to the other

25
Q

ATP structure

A

Adenosine-Pi-Pi-Pi

26
Q

Energy release from ATP

A

A bond in the ATP is broken to leave the molecule ADP+Pi

27
Q

ATP regeneration

A

ATP is regenerated from ADP+Pi using the energy released in respiration from glucose

28
Q

Aerobic respiration equation

A

Glucose+Oxygen —-> 38 ATP+Carbon Dioxide+Water

29
Q

Stage 1 of aerobic respiration

A

Glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules and 2 ATP are made.
This happens in the cytoplasm with no oxygen.
The pyruvate then diffuses into the mitochondria for stage 2.

30
Q

Stage 2 of aerobic respiration

A

Pyruvate is broken down resulting in the formation of carbon dioxide, water and 18 molecules of ATP (2 pyruvates so 36 in total)
This happens in the mitochondria and oxygen is required

31
Q

From one molecule of glucose (number) ATP are made

A

38

32
Q

Anaerobic respiration in animals

A

Respiration without oxygen, due to vigorous exercising you cannot breathe fast enough to take in oxygen, only 2 ATP are produced, the pyruvate are converted into lactic acid

33
Q

Is anaerobic respiration reversible in humans?

A

Yes, because once you have started recovering the lactic acid build up will be changed to pyruvate so you can respire aerobically again

34
Q

Anaerobic respiration in plants

A

It is irreversible, it cannot convert its products back to pyruvate as the carbon dioxide produced is lost to the environment. Only 2 ATP are produced, the pyruvate are converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide

35
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process by which green plants make their own food, the green chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of the cell trap light energy from the sun, the raw materials carbon dioxide and water are also used. Glucose is made and oxygen which is released into the atmosphere through diffusion, controlled by a series of enzyme of controlled reactions

36
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

Carbon dioxide and water light Glucose (sugar) and oxygen
———->
Chlorophyll

37
Q

Light dependant stage of photosynthesis

A

Oxygen and hydrogen are split by light energy, oxygen diffuses out of the plant to the atmosphere and hydrogen and ATP are passed onto stage two

38
Q

Carbon fixation stage of photosynthesis

A

This stage uses the ATP from stage 1, hydrogen and carbon dioxide are combined to create glucose

39
Q

Use of glucose after photosynthesis

A

Converted to either starch or cellulose

40
Q

Starch

A

Storage carbohydrate

41
Q

Cellulose

A

A structural carbohydrate

42
Q

Limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

Light intensity
CO2 concentration
Temperature

43
Q

Limiting factor on a light intensity graph

A

Temperature or carbon dioxide concentration

44
Q

Limiting factor on a carbon dioxide concentration graph

A

Temperature or light intensity

45
Q

Temperature as a limiting factors

A

If it gets too cold photosynthesis rate will decrease as enzyme activity will be low, if it gets too hot the enzymes controlling photosynthesis will be denatured

46
Q

HPCOW

A

Hydrogen peroxide catalase oxygen and water

47
Q

PPP

A

Protein pepsin polypeptide

48
Q

G1PPS

A

Glucose-1-Phosphate phosphorylase starch

49
Q

Photosynthesis stage names

A

Photolysis and carbon fixation

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