Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KCUMB Histology > EXAM III Renal Histology > Flashcards

EXAM III Renal Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components of the urinary system?

A

Two kidneys and ureters

Urinary bladder and urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What components are within a nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle = Bowman’s capsule

Renal tubule = continuation of Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two types of nephrons? What are their characteristics?

A

Cortical Nephrons (cortex region) - have short LOHs w/ no capillaries

Glomeruli empty into peritubular capillary networks that surround PCT and DCT

Juxtramedullary Nephrons (deeper in cortex)

Glomeruli empty into vasa recta near LOHs and collecting ducts, long LOHs in deep medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the vascular supply to the kidneys

A

Interlobar A.

Arcuate A.

Interlobular A.

Afferent A.

Glomeruli

Efferent A.

Interlobular vein

Arcuate vein

Interlobar vein

Renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What two locations can the efferent arterioles feed into?

A

Vasa recta of juxtamedullary nephrons (capillary loop)

Peritubular capillaries of cortical nephrons (capillary network)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What makes up the renal corpuscle? What is its function?

A

Glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

Involved in producing a filtrate for blood

The remainder of the nephron functions as to modify the filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 processes that are involved in forming urine?

A

Filtration (renal corpuscle)

Reabsorption (renal tubule)

Secretion (renal tubule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the components of the glomerulus? What type of cells are involved in the afferent arteriole? What do they secrete?

A

Afferent Arteriole

Juxtaglomerular cells - secrete renin, circular smooth muscle cells at vascular pole

Glomerular capillaries

Efferent Arteriole

Mesangium - mesangial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the Bowman’s capsule made up of? What type of cells are in the layers?

A

Double-layered, cup-shaped dilation of the nephron

Parietal layer - outer layer = simple squamous, continuous w/ simple cuboidal epi. of PCT

Visceral layer - inner layer = podocytes in contact w endothelium of glomerular capillaries (the actual filtration layer)

Bowman’s Space - b/w the parietal & visceral layers; continuous w/ lumen of PCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 types of mesangial cells?

A

Intraglomerular mesangial cells

b/w nearby capillaries in golmerulus and cover endothelium not covered by podocytes

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

b/w afferent & efferent arterioles at vascular pole, associated w/ juxtaglomerular apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the characteristics and functions of mesangial cells?

A

Contractile = modify blood flow thru glomerular capillaries

Phagocytic - recycles worn out glomerular basal lamina, phagocytose immunoglobulins trapped in basal lamina

Proliferative

Synthesize matrix & collagen

Secrete prostaglandins and endothelins

Respond to angiotensin II

Provide mechanical support & regulate blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which cells help modify blood flow through the glomerular capillaries?

A

Mesangial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Macula densa

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Juxtaglomerular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the functions of the macula densa?

A

Responds to changes in [Na+] and [Cl-] in urine or hypotensin

Signals renin release from juxtraglomerular cells

Involved in regulation of fluid-electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation

Reversed polarity of cells; formed by elongated, densely packed cells in wall of convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the characteristics of the juxtaglomerular cells? What are they made up of?

A

Modified smooth muscle cells associated w/ macula densa and afferent arteriole

Secrete renin into blood; stimulated by mascula densa

Innervated by sympathetic nerve endings w/ increase renin release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the components of the renal tubule? (5)

A

PCT

Descending LOH

LOH

Ascending LOH

DCT - continuous w/ collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the components of the renal filtration barrier?

A

Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries

Fused basal laminae of endothelial cells & podocytes

Filtration slits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the filtration slits of the renal filtration barrier made up of? Basal lamina?

A

Fenestrated endothelium of capillaries

Basal lamina = Type IV collagen, fibronectin, laminin, heparin sulfate

Filtration slits created by adjacent pedicels of podocytes; pedicels are attached to basal lamina via alpha-3-beta-1 integrins

19
Q

What creates the filtration slits of the renal filtration barrier?

A

Pedicels of the podocytes

20
Q

Where does the PCT begin and end?

A

Extends from the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle to the beginning of the LOH

21
Q

What are the characteristics of the PCT? What type of epithelium? Cytoplasm? Nuclei?

A

Simple cuboidal made up of truncated pyramidal cells

Apical - tight juncts & brush border

Basolateral infoldings & interdigitations

Basal striations w/ abundant mitochondria

large, pale-staining nuclei

Eosinophilic cytoplasm

22
Q

What are the functions of the PCT?

A

Reabsorbs majority of filtrate including H2o, glucose, and amino acids, Na+ and Cl-

Characterized by a complex set of transporters, co-transporters, channels, and exchangers

23
Q

What type of cells make up the thick segments (thick ascending LOH) of the LOH?

A

Simple low cuboidal epithelium

No brush border, more basal vertical striations

Impermeable to water

24
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the thin LOH (thin descending and ascending LOH)

A

Simple squamous epithelium

25
Q

What are the functions of the thin descending LOH?

A

Permeable to water, Na+, Cl- ions

Makes medulla less salty

Hyperosmotic

Helps to establish a countercurrent exchange system

26
Q

What is the counter-current exchange system?

A

Creates the osmotic conditions that are necessary to pull water out of the DCT and collecting duct in the presence of ADH

27
Q

What is the function of the thin ascending LOH?

A

Impermeable to water

Makes medulla salty by actively pumping Cl- ions out, with Na+ following

28
Q

What type of cells make up the DCT? PCT?

A

DCT - simple cuboidal with smaller nuclei

PCT - simple cuboidal with LARGE nuclei

29
Q

What are the 3 distinguishable characteristics of the PCT and DCT?

A

DCT has a larger lumen than PCT (think veins)

A less eosiniphilic cytoplasm

Smaller cells/nuclei

Impermeable to water except when in the presence of ADH/vasopressin (via posterior pituitary)

30
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the collecting duct?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

31
Q

What two specialized cells are involved with the collecting duct? What are their functions?

A

Principal cells

Reabsorb Na+ and H2o, Secrete K+ via ATPase

Intercalated cells

Secrete either hydrogen or bicarbonate ion, Reabsorb K+

32
Q

What are the 4 layers of the renal pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder?

A

Mucosa

Submucosa (not clearly demarcated)

Muscularis

Adventitia (FECT external to muscularis)

33
Q

What type of epithelium make up the mucosa of the renal pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder? What are the other characteristics?

A

Transitional/Urothelium epithelium

Basement membrane

Lamina propria of FECT

Some loose lymphoid tissue

Few smooth muscle cells

34
Q

What are the features of the muscularis layer of the renal pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder?

A

Inner = longitudinal smooth muscle coat

Outer = circular smooth muscle coat

Lower 3rd of ureter has a 3rd external longitudinal coat

Smooth muscle layers of bladder = detruser muscle

35
Q

What are the 4 components of the male urethra? Type of epithelium in each?

A

MGCP - Male’s Grow Colorful Penises

Membranous Urethra - tall pseudostratified columnar, variable

Glands

Cavernous Urethra - pseudostratified epithelium w/ patches of stratified squamous

Prostatic urethra - mucosa lined w/ transitional/urothelium

36
Q

What are the characteristics of the prostatic urethra of the male urethra?

A

Mucosa lined with transitional/urothelium epithelium

Section of urethra passing thru prostate gland

Highly vascularized w/ veins and abundant elastic tissue

37
Q

What are the characteristics of the membranous urethra of the male urethra?

A

Tall pseudostratified columnar cells, variable

Extends thru urogenital diaphragm and receives straiated muscle cells = external sphincter of bladder

38
Q

What are the 2 types of glands of the male urethra?

A

Lacunae of Morgagni

invaginations of mucous membrane w/ single/groups of intraepithelial mucous cells

Gland of Littre

Branched tubulara glands opening into lacunae of Morgagni

39
Q

Which portions of the female urethra are not discernible? (2)

A

Leave a female AS IS!

Adventitia

Submucosa

40
Q

What type of epithelium is the mucosa of female urethra?

A

Stratified or Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ intraepithelial nests of mucous glands

41
Q

Characteristics of the lamina propria and muscularis of the female urethra?

A

Lamina Propira - highly vascularized w/ veins and abundant elastic tissue

Muscularis - inner longitudinal and outer circular layer of smooth muscle cells but not well defined

42
Q

What is the function of renin?

A

Converts protein Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I

43
Q

What is the function of ACE in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system?

A

Converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

44
Q

What is the function of Angiotensin II?

A

Stimulates secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex - acts on principal cells and collecting ducts, thick ascending LOH

Increases reabsorption of Na+ and Water = increases BP

Stimulates ADH release

KCUMB Histology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions