Lab Final Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Familial hemiplegic migraine - symptoms
A
- migraine with aura
- temporary weakness on one side of body (hemiplegic)
- genetic/familial –> occurs in two+ people in one family
2
Q
Familial hemiplegic migraine - therapy
A
- Cortical hyper-excitability basis vulnerability to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and migraine attacks
- novel treatments consider CSD and cortical excitability
3
Q
Familial hemiplegic migraine - ion channel
A
Voltage-gated calcium channels
4
Q
Familial hemiplegic migraine - causation
A
Genetic defect in one of three genes
- FHM1 –> calcium channel works incorrectly occasionally; increased NT release facilitates CSD
- FHM2 –> loss of function of Na/K-ATPase
- FHM3 –> accelerates recovery from fast inactivation of Na channels
5
Q
Myasthenia gravis - symptoms
A
- “grave muscle weakness”
- chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease with varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness
6
Q
Ocular myasthenia
A
myasthenia gravis limited to extra-ocular muscles and eyelids
7
Q
generalized myasthenia
A
myasthenia gravis affecting limb, bulbar and respiratory muscles
8
Q
myasthenia gravis - receptor
A
nicotinic receptors
9
Q
myasthenia gravis - cause
A
antibodies attack muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR)
OR
antibodies attack other targets like muscle specific kinase (MuSK) which indirectly reduce nAchR numbers
10
Q
myasthenia gravis - therapy
A
- immunosuppressants
- removing antibody
- acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to manage symptoms
11
Q
long QT syndrome - symptoms
A
- prolonged QT interval on ECG
- ventricular tachyarrhythmias, syncope, cardiac arrest, sudden death
12
Q
long QT syndrome - cause
A
Chromosomal mutations. Most common is mutations in alpha subunit of:
- LQT1 or LQT2 (deficient potassium currents)
- LQT3 (increased sodium current)
13
Q
long QT syndrome - channel
A
KCNQ channel - potassium channel
14
Q
long QT syndrome - therapy
A
- beta blockers to slow heart rate by blocking effects of adrenaline
- surgery: implant pacemaker, cardioverter defibrillator, left cervicothoracic sympathetic denervation
- LQT1 and LQT2: drugs that open K channels
- LQT3:drugs that block sodium channels
15
Q
cystic fibrosis - symptoms
A
slowed mucus clearance from airways, difficulty breathing, difficulty digesting food
16
Q
cystic fibrosis - cause
A
- autosomal recessive genetic disorder
- genetic mutation encodes CFTR protein which causes poor Cl- and Na+ transport across cell membranes
- CFTR channel does not function normally at cell surface
17
Q
cystic fibrosis - channel
A
- cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein codes for CFTR chloride channel
- CFTR (mainly chloride channel) has many regulatory roles including bicarbonate-chloride exchange (deficiency in bicarbonate secretion leads to collection of luminal mucins
18
Q
cystic fibrosis - therapy
A
- hypotonic saline
- small molecule drugs that target deficits in CFTR gene
- lung transplant
- physical therapy to clear lung mucus
19
Q
kidney stone - symptoms
A
- urinary stones formed (mainly) by calcium salts
- renal colic: intense pain, sporadic infections, renal failure, nausea, vomiting
- pain from renal colic caused by stretching, dilation, and spasm from ureteral obstruction
20
Q
kidney stones - cause
A
mutations of renal-specific chloride channel (CLCN5) gene
- outward chloride currents reduced
- failure to regulate endosomal pH, endocytose proteins, and reabsorb calcium resulting in loss of proteins through urine and calcium build up in urinary tract
21
Q
kidney stones - treatment
A
- drugs
- surgery: stent placement, remove stones, shockwaves
22
Q
kidney stones - channel
A
CLCN5 channel
- loss of function in proximal tubules causes decrease in protein endocytosis and increase in protein excretion
- loss of function in thick ascending limb of Henle causes decrease in calcium reuptake
23
Q
Galen - birth place and job title
A
Roman physician
23
Q
Galen: founder of _________________ ___________________
A
experimental physiology
23
Galen - focused on __________________
anatomy
23
Ibn al-Nafis - birthplace and job title
Arab physician
23
Ibn al-Nafis - area of interest and findings
Pulmonary and coronary circulation, anatomy of heart and lungs
24
Andreas Vesalius - birthplace and job title
Flemish physician and anatomist
25
Vesalius - best known for .....
- anatomic study of the human body, particularly muscle and skeletal systems
- published seven books with extensive and accurate descriptions of human body
26
Santorio - birthplace and job title
Italian physician and physiologist
27
Santorio: father of ____________ _______________ _______________
metabolic balance studies
28
Santorio: best known for .....
extensive study of comparing body weight and differences between ingested food and excretions
29
William Harvey - birthplace and job title
English physician and teacher
30
William Harvey: best known for ......
- analyzing action of heart
- describing accurate mechanism of heart pumping blood around body
- postulated existence of capillaries
- showed valves were important to circulation
31
Regnier de Graaf: birthplace and job title
Dutch physician and anatomist
32
Regnier de Graaf: best known for....
pioneering study of pancreatic secretions
33
Aloysis Galvani: birthplace and job title
Italian physician and physicist
34
Aloysius Galvani: best known for....
- Study of bioelectricity
| - contacted leg muscles in frog via electrical current
35
Claude Bernard: birthplace and job title
French physiologist
36
Claude Bernard: best known for....?
- Work in homeostasis
- noted relative stability of internal environment, ability to survive in varying external environments depends on stable internal environment
- horrific vivisection use
37
Hermann von Helmholtz: birthplace and job title
German physician
38
Hermann von Helmholtz: best known for...
- determining velocity of nerve transmission
- form and duration of muscle contractions
- existence of latent period
39
Santiago Ramon y Cajal: birthplace and job title
Spanish neuroscientist
40
Santiago Ramon y Cajal: best known for....?
- study of microscopic brain structure, nerve structure, nerve function
- nerve degeneration and regeneration
41
Walter Cannon: birthplace and job description
American physiologist
42
Walter Cannon: best known for....
- coined term homeostasis
| - extended Bernard's ideas to cell-tissue-organ level of organization
43
Banting and Best: best known for....
Discovery of insulin
(Banting was a Canadian medical scientist, who won the nobel prize in physiology and medicine and shared prize money with his assistant/medical student, Charles Best)
44
Body Size and Metabolic Rate Lab: Kleiber equation
M = aW^b
```
M = total metabolism/unit time
W = body weight
a = normalization coefficient
b = scaling coefficient (0.75 fits many unicellular organisms, plants, metazoans)
```
45
Name of synthetically made enzyme used to detect glucose levels
g-quadruplex hemin bound DNAzyme
46
Glucose metabolism: DNAzyme reaction with glucose
glucose + 02 ------> gluconic acid +H202
H202 + DNAzyme + colourless ADHP ----> H20 + DNAzyme + red resorufin
47
Metabolic Rate and Body Weight: General trend
Decreased body weight = increased metabolic rate
No universal scaling coefficient that worked across all species
48
Measures of movement: glucose metabolism lab
gill cover movements, pectoral fin movements, distance moved by fish, other behaviours
49
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary
| Striated
50
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary
| Striated
51
Smooth muscle
Involuntary
| Non-striated
52
Frog heart: warm ringers
faster
53
Froggy cold ringers
slowed HR
54
Froggy ACh
slowed heart rate
55
Froggy adrenaline
faster heart rate
56
Froggy atropine
blocks ACh
57
Froggy dl-propanolol
blocks adrenaline
58
Froggy tubocurarine
blocks ACh
59
Dive response: what starts it?
Induced by holding breath and facial submersion in cold water
60
Dive response: what happens?
bradycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction, decreased oxygen uptake from lungs (conserve O2)
61
Dive response: what is the point?
Conserve O2 for vital organs, delay damage to tissues from hypoxia, increase possible duration of apnea
62
Dive response: key findings
Apnea CAUSES bradycardia
| Cold temperature INCREASES bradycardia
63
Caffeine and exercise: main findings
```
Exercise = decreased contraction time, increased contraction strength
Caffeine = decreased contraction time, slight decrease in strength of contraction
Both = decreased contraction time, biggest increase in strength
```
64
motor unit
a single motor neuron and the muscle cells it inervates
65
wave summation (muscle)
if a max strength second stimulus is applied before muscle relaxes, a second more tense contraction occurs (tetanus)
66
Skeletal muscle contraction: key findings
- increase stimulus strength = increased contraction strength
- contraction strength decreases as stimulus increases, when above maximal strength
67
passive muscle tension
inherent elasticity of muscle fibres
68
active muscle tension
created by stimulation of muscle
69
Isometric muscle tension: key findings
Increasing muscle length...
- increased total tension
- increased active tension until resting muscle length (35mm)
- increased passive tension significantly after resting
70
Ideal blood pressure
120/80
71
High blood pressure
above 140/90
72
Effects of caffeine on heart rate and blood pressure
Raises heart rate and systolic BP at rest and with exercise
73
Isolated nerve function: key results
increased stimulus strength = increased CAP amplitude
74
maximum response in isolated nerve function
peak at which increase in stimulus voltage can no longer increase CAP amplitude
75
Refractory period
Period in which a nerve cannot conduct another action potential
76
Conduction velocity is affected by what factors of a nerve?
Diameter, myelination, and location of nerve being measured
77
What factors influence respiratory rate during exercise?
- More 02 needed, more C02 produced
- Chemoreceptors detect increased CO2
- decreased blood pH
- lungs respond by activating more alveoli to take part in gas exchange
78
Oxygen demand can be compensated for by...
Increasing breathing rate
OR
increasing tidal volume
79
Tidal volume
volume inhaled/exhaled during normal breathing
80
Expiratory reserve volume
volume that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation
81
Inspiratory reserve volume
Volume that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation
82
Residual volume
air in lungs after maximal exhalation
83
Vital capacity
largest volume that can be exhaled forcibly after maximal inhalation
84
Functional residual capacity
volume remaining in lungs after normal expiration
85
Spirometer
used to measure air capacity of lungs by measuring difference in pressure during breathing
86
Respiratory volume and exercise: key results
exercise. ..
| - increased rate of breathing, tidal volume
