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Biology 365 > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Three components of a circulatory system

A

1) pump 2) system of tubes, channels, or spaces 3) fluid that circulates

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2
Q

Three types of pumps

A

1) chambered hearts 2) skeletal muscle 3) pulsating blood vessels/peristalsis

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3
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Extracellular fluid that directly bathes tissues

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4
Q

Blood

A

Fluid that circulates within vessels of closed circulatory system

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5
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid that circulates in a secondary system in vertebrates, called the lymphatic system

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6
Q

Hemolymph

A

Fluid that circulates in an open circulatory system

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7
Q

Three main components of vertebrate blood

A

1) plasma 2) erythrocytes/red blood cells 3) other blood cells and clotting cells (leukocytes and thrombocytes/platelets_

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8
Q

Hematocrit

A

Part of blood made up of erythrocytes

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9
Q

Albumin

A

Vertebrate carrier protein in blood

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10
Q

Globulins

A

Vertebrate carrier protein in blood

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11
Q

Thrombin

A

Vertebrate blood clotting protein

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12
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Vertebrate blood clotting protein

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13
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Respiratory pigment whose major function is storing and transporting oxygen

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14
Q

Mechanism that sponges and flatworms use to circulate fluids in the body

A

Ciliated cells move water within body cavity

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15
Q

Mechanism that cnidarians use to circulate fluids in the body

A

Muscular contractions of the body wall pump water in and out of body cavity

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16
Q

Circulatory system of annelids

A

Open (ex. tube worms) and closed (ex. earthworm)

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17
Q

Circulatory system of molluscs

A

Open (most) and closed (cephalopods) but all have hearts and some blood vessels

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18
Q

Circulatory system of arthropods - crustaceans

A

Open; small sinuses function as vessels and there is some control over distribution of hemolymph flow inside body

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19
Q

Circulatory system of arthropods - insects

A

Open; multiple contractile “hearts” along dorsal vessel and a tracheal system for most gas transport

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20
Q

Circulatory tract of vertebrates

A

Heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> heart

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21
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Diffusion of molecules between blood and interstitial fluids

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22
Q

Tunica extrema

A

Outer layer of vessels made of collagen

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23
Q

Tunica media

A

Middle layer of vessels made of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue

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24
Q

Tunica intima

A

Inner layer vessels before endothelium made of a smooth sheet of endothelial cells

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25
Q

Endothelium

A

Most inner layer of vessels

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26
Q

Veins consist of…

A

Tunica externa, media, and intima, then endothelium

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27
Q

Venules consist of…

A

Tunica externa, then endothelium

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28
Q

Capillaries consist of…

A

Endothelium

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29
Q

Arteries consist of…

A

Tunica externa, media, and intima, then endothelium

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30
Q

Arterioles consist of…

A

Tunica media, then endothelium

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31
Q

Three types of capillaries

A

Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal

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32
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Cells are held together by tight junctions (ex. skin, muscle, CNS blood brain barrier)

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33
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Cells contain pores; specialized for exchange (ex. kidneys, endocrine organs and intestines)

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34
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries

A

A few tight junctions but are the most porous for exchange of large proteins (ex. liver and bone marrow)

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35
Q

Circulatory pattern of water-breathing fish

A

Single circuit (heart –> gills –> body –> heart)

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36
Q

Circulatory pattern of air breathing tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)

A

Two circuits: pulmonary circuit (right side of heart) and systemic circuit (left side of heart)

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37
Q

Amphibian and reptile heart structure

A

Only partially divided, with two atria and one ventricle

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38
Q

Cardiac cycle phases

A

1) systole/contraction - blood forced into circulation 2) diastole/relaxation - blood enters the heart

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39
Q

Arthropod heart

A

Heart pumps out hemolymph via arteries
Blood returns via ostia (holes) during diastole
Valves in ostia open and close to regulate flow

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40
Q

Mechanism of placement and control in arthropod hearts

A

Heart is suspended with a series of ligaments and is neurogenic/contracts in response to signals from nervous system

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41
Q

Mammalian myocardium: compact or spongy

A

Compact

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42
Q

Fish myocardium: compact or spongy

A

Spongy

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43
Q

Four main parts of vertebrate heart walls

A

1) pericardium
2) epicardium
3) myocardium
4) endocardium

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44
Q

Pericardium

A

Sac of connective tissue which surrounds heart; space between outer/parietal layer and inner/visceral layers is filled with lubricating fluid

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45
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer layer of heart which is continuous with visceral pericardium; contains nerves that regulate heart and coronary arteries

46
Q

Myocardium

A

Layer of heart muscles/cardiomyocytes

47
Q

Endocardium

A

Innermost layer connective tissue covered with epithelial cells called the endothelium

48
Q

Compact myocardium

A

Tightly packed cells arranged in regular patterns

49
Q

Spongy myocardium

A

Meshwork of loosely connected cells

50
Q

Chambers of fish hearts

A

1) sinus venosus 2) atrium 3) ventricle 4) bulbus arteriosus

51
Q

Function of noncontractile bulbus in fish

A

Serves as volume and pressure reservoir

52
Q

Chambers of amphibian hearts

A

Two atria, one ventricle

53
Q

Function of trabeculae in amphibian ventricles

A

Helps prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in ventricle

54
Q

Function of spiral fold in conus arteriosus in amphibian hearts

A

Helps direct deoxygenated blood to pulmocutaneous circuit and oxygenated blood to systemic circuit

55
Q

Chambers of reptile hearts

A

Two atria, three interconnected ventricular compartments, cavum venosum, cavum pulmonale, cavum arteriosum

56
Q

Function of cavum venosum in reptiles

A

Leads to systemic aortas

57
Q

Function of cavum pulmonale in reptiles

A

Leads to pulmonary artery

58
Q

Right to left shunt in reptile hearts

A

Deoxygenated blood bypasses pulmonary circuit and enters systemic circuit; used during breath-holding

59
Q

Left to right shunt in reptile hearts

A

Oxygenated blood reenters pulmonary circuit; aids oxygen delivery to myocardium in right heart

60
Q

Chambers of bird and mammal hearts

A

Two thin walled atria, two thick walled ventricles

61
Q

Intraventricular septum

A

Wall separating ventricles in birds and mammal hearts

62
Q

Valves in bird and mammals hearts

A

One tricuspid atrioventricular valve, one bicuspid/mitral atrioventricular valve, one aortic semilunar valve and one pulmonary semilunar valve

63
Q

Atriventricular (AV) valves

A

Found in birds and mammal hearts; between atria and ventricles

64
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Right AV valve in mammal and bird hearts

65
Q

Bicuspid/mitral valve

A

Left AV valve in mammal and bird hearts

66
Q

Aortic semilnar valve

A

Between left ventricle and aorta in bird and mammal hearts

67
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery in bird and mammal hearts

68
Q

MAP

A

Mean Arterial Pressure; average pressure in aorta over time (2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/3 systolic pressure)

69
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation phase of cardiac cycle

70
Q

Systole

A

Contraction phase of cardiac cycle

71
Q

Definition of blood flow (Q)

A

Volume of fluid transferred per unit time

72
Q

Definition of blood velocity

A

Distance per unit time

73
Q

Formula for blood velocity

A

V = Q/A

where V= velocity, Q = flow, and A = cross sectional area of the channels

74
Q

Law of bulk flow

A

Q = (change in P)/R where Q = flow, P = pressure drop, and R = resistance

75
Q

Myogenic

A

Cardiomyocytes produce spontaneous rhythmic depolarizations

76
Q

Gap junctions in cardiomyocytes

A

Gap junctions electrically couple cardimyocytes to ensure coordinated contractions. This means action potentials can pass directly from cell to cell

77
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

Pacemaker cells in vertebrates excluding fish

78
Q

Sinus venosus

A

Pacemaker cells in fish

79
Q

How do cardiomyocytes prevent tetanus?

A

Plateau phase that corresponds to refractory period and lasts as long as the cardiomyocyte contaction.

80
Q

Which channels cause the plateau phase of cardiomyocytes?

A

L-type Ca2+ channels

81
Q

Four channels on pacemaker cells

A
  • Funny channels (Na+ influx)
  • T-type Ca2+ influx channels
  • L-type Ca2+ influx channels
  • K+ channels (gradient controlled, but generally efflux)
82
Q

P-wave of ECG

A

Atrial depolarization; wave of depolarization from SA node throughout atria

83
Q

QRS complex of ECG

A

Ventricular depolarization

84
Q

T-wave of ECG

A

ventricular repolarization

85
Q

Function of modified cardiomyocytes

A

They do not contract, but rapidly spread action potential throughout myocardium. They can undergo rhythmic depolarizations.

86
Q

SA node function

A

Initiates electrical activity and spreads it to internodal pathways

87
Q

Internodal pathways function

A

Spreads electrical activity from SA node to AV node

88
Q

AV node function

A

Delays the signal from internodal pathways so that atria can contact, before signal moves onto Bundle of His and Purkinje fibres

89
Q

Bundle of His function

A

Spreading electrical signal from AV node down intraventricular septum

90
Q

Purkinje fibres function

A

Spreads electrical signal from Bundle of His through apex and upwards, causing ventricular contraction

91
Q

Formula for cardiac output

A

Cardiac Output = Heart rate x stroke volume

92
Q

Bradycardia

A

Decreased heart rate

93
Q

Tachycardia

A

Increased heart rate

94
Q

How is cardiac output modified?

A

Regulation of heart rate and/or stoke volume

95
Q

Frank-Starling effect

A

If end diastolic volume is low, sarcomere length is low and stroke volume is low. So, heart increases end diastolic volume to stretch muscles and increase length/tension of sarcomeres to optimum length for strong contraction and high stroke volume

96
Q

Autoregulation of stroke volume

A

Heart automatically regulates stroke volume by compensating for volume of blood returning to the heart

97
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) formula

A

MAP = [cardiac output] x [total peripheral resistance]

98
Q

Myogenic autoregulation

A

Smooth muscles in arterioles contact in response to stretch from high BP; this causes them to act as negative feedback and stop excessive blood flow into tissues

99
Q

How do arterioles react to increased tissue metabolic activity?

A

Vasodilation to increase removal of CO2 and waste, and increase delivery of O2

100
Q

Effect of norepinephrine on arterioles

A

Vasoconstriction

101
Q

Effect of Vasopressin (ADH) on blood vessels

A

Vasoconstriction

102
Q

Effect of Angiotension II on blood vessels

A

Vasoconstriction

103
Q

Effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on blood vessels

A

Vasodilation

104
Q

Source of norepinephrine

A

Sympathetic neurons

105
Q

Source of ADH

A

Posterior pituitary

106
Q

Cause of angiotension II release

A

Low blood pressure

107
Q

Cause of ANP release

A

High blood pressure

108
Q

How does body maintain nearly constant mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

By varying cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR)

109
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Cardiovascular control centre

110
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors in walls of many major blood vessels that send signals to medulla and regulate MAP

Biology 365 (8 decks)

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