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Biology 365 > Lab Final > Flashcards

Lab Final Flashcards

1
Q

Familial hemiplegic migraine - symptoms

A
  • migraine with aura
  • temporary weakness on one side of body (hemiplegic)
  • genetic/familial –> occurs in two+ people in one family
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2
Q

Familial hemiplegic migraine - therapy

A
  • Cortical hyper-excitability basis vulnerability to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and migraine attacks
  • novel treatments consider CSD and cortical excitability
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3
Q

Familial hemiplegic migraine - ion channel

A

Voltage-gated calcium channels

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4
Q

Familial hemiplegic migraine - causation

A

Genetic defect in one of three genes

  • FHM1 –> calcium channel works incorrectly occasionally; increased NT release facilitates CSD
  • FHM2 –> loss of function of Na/K-ATPase
  • FHM3 –> accelerates recovery from fast inactivation of Na channels
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5
Q

Myasthenia gravis - symptoms

A
  • “grave muscle weakness”

- chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease with varying degrees of skeletal muscle weakness

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6
Q

Ocular myasthenia

A

myasthenia gravis limited to extra-ocular muscles and eyelids

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7
Q

generalized myasthenia

A

myasthenia gravis affecting limb, bulbar and respiratory muscles

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8
Q

myasthenia gravis - receptor

A

nicotinic receptors

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9
Q

myasthenia gravis - cause

A

antibodies attack muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR)
OR
antibodies attack other targets like muscle specific kinase (MuSK) which indirectly reduce nAchR numbers

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10
Q

myasthenia gravis - therapy

A
  • immunosuppressants
  • removing antibody
  • acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to manage symptoms
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11
Q

long QT syndrome - symptoms

A
  • prolonged QT interval on ECG

- ventricular tachyarrhythmias, syncope, cardiac arrest, sudden death

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12
Q

long QT syndrome - cause

A

Chromosomal mutations. Most common is mutations in alpha subunit of:

  • LQT1 or LQT2 (deficient potassium currents)
  • LQT3 (increased sodium current)
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13
Q

long QT syndrome - channel

A

KCNQ channel - potassium channel

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14
Q

long QT syndrome - therapy

A
  • beta blockers to slow heart rate by blocking effects of adrenaline
  • surgery: implant pacemaker, cardioverter defibrillator, left cervicothoracic sympathetic denervation
  • LQT1 and LQT2: drugs that open K channels
  • LQT3:drugs that block sodium channels
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15
Q

cystic fibrosis - symptoms

A

slowed mucus clearance from airways, difficulty breathing, difficulty digesting food

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16
Q

cystic fibrosis - cause

A
  • autosomal recessive genetic disorder
  • genetic mutation encodes CFTR protein which causes poor Cl- and Na+ transport across cell membranes
  • CFTR channel does not function normally at cell surface
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17
Q

cystic fibrosis - channel

A
  • cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein codes for CFTR chloride channel
  • CFTR (mainly chloride channel) has many regulatory roles including bicarbonate-chloride exchange (deficiency in bicarbonate secretion leads to collection of luminal mucins
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18
Q

cystic fibrosis - therapy

A
  • hypotonic saline
  • small molecule drugs that target deficits in CFTR gene
  • lung transplant
  • physical therapy to clear lung mucus
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19
Q

kidney stone - symptoms

A
  • urinary stones formed (mainly) by calcium salts
  • renal colic: intense pain, sporadic infections, renal failure, nausea, vomiting
  • pain from renal colic caused by stretching, dilation, and spasm from ureteral obstruction
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20
Q

kidney stones - cause

A

mutations of renal-specific chloride channel (CLCN5) gene

  • outward chloride currents reduced
  • failure to regulate endosomal pH, endocytose proteins, and reabsorb calcium resulting in loss of proteins through urine and calcium build up in urinary tract
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21
Q

kidney stones - treatment

A
  • drugs

- surgery: stent placement, remove stones, shockwaves

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22
Q

kidney stones - channel

A

CLCN5 channel

  • loss of function in proximal tubules causes decrease in protein endocytosis and increase in protein excretion
  • loss of function in thick ascending limb of Henle causes decrease in calcium reuptake
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23
Q

Galen - birth place and job title

A

Roman physician

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23
Q

Galen: founder of _________________ ___________________

A

experimental physiology

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23
Q

Galen - focused on __________________

A

anatomy

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23
Q

Ibn al-Nafis - birthplace and job title

A

Arab physician

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23
Q

Ibn al-Nafis - area of interest and findings

A

Pulmonary and coronary circulation, anatomy of heart and lungs

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24
Q

Andreas Vesalius - birthplace and job title

A

Flemish physician and anatomist

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25
Q

Vesalius - best known for …..

A
  • anatomic study of the human body, particularly muscle and skeletal systems
  • published seven books with extensive and accurate descriptions of human body
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26
Q

Santorio - birthplace and job title

A

Italian physician and physiologist

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27
Q

Santorio: father of ____________ _______________ _______________

A

metabolic balance studies

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28
Q

Santorio: best known for …..

A

extensive study of comparing body weight and differences between ingested food and excretions

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29
Q

William Harvey - birthplace and job title

A

English physician and teacher

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30
Q

William Harvey: best known for ……

A
  • analyzing action of heart
  • describing accurate mechanism of heart pumping blood around body
  • postulated existence of capillaries
  • showed valves were important to circulation
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31
Q

Regnier de Graaf: birthplace and job title

A

Dutch physician and anatomist

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32
Q

Regnier de Graaf: best known for….

A

pioneering study of pancreatic secretions

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33
Q

Aloysis Galvani: birthplace and job title

A

Italian physician and physicist

34
Q

Aloysius Galvani: best known for….

A
  • Study of bioelectricity

- contacted leg muscles in frog via electrical current

35
Q

Claude Bernard: birthplace and job title

A

French physiologist

36
Q

Claude Bernard: best known for….?

A
  • Work in homeostasis
  • noted relative stability of internal environment, ability to survive in varying external environments depends on stable internal environment
  • horrific vivisection use
37
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz: birthplace and job title

A

German physician

38
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz: best known for…

A
  • determining velocity of nerve transmission
  • form and duration of muscle contractions
  • existence of latent period
39
Q

Santiago Ramon y Cajal: birthplace and job title

A

Spanish neuroscientist

40
Q

Santiago Ramon y Cajal: best known for….?

A
  • study of microscopic brain structure, nerve structure, nerve function
  • nerve degeneration and regeneration
41
Q

Walter Cannon: birthplace and job description

A

American physiologist

42
Q

Walter Cannon: best known for….

A
  • coined term homeostasis

- extended Bernard’s ideas to cell-tissue-organ level of organization

43
Q

Banting and Best: best known for….

A

Discovery of insulin
(Banting was a Canadian medical scientist, who won the nobel prize in physiology and medicine and shared prize money with his assistant/medical student, Charles Best)

44
Q

Body Size and Metabolic Rate Lab: Kleiber equation

A

M = aW^b

M = total metabolism/unit time
W = body weight
a = normalization coefficient
b = scaling coefficient (0.75 fits many unicellular organisms, plants, metazoans)
45
Q

Name of synthetically made enzyme used to detect glucose levels

A

g-quadruplex hemin bound DNAzyme

46
Q

Glucose metabolism: DNAzyme reaction with glucose

A

glucose + 02 ——> gluconic acid +H202

H202 + DNAzyme + colourless ADHP —-> H20 + DNAzyme + red resorufin

47
Q

Metabolic Rate and Body Weight: General trend

A

Decreased body weight = increased metabolic rate

No universal scaling coefficient that worked across all species

48
Q

Measures of movement: glucose metabolism lab

A

gill cover movements, pectoral fin movements, distance moved by fish, other behaviours

49
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary

Striated

50
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary

Striated

51
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary

Non-striated

52
Q

Frog heart: warm ringers

A

faster

53
Q

Froggy cold ringers

A

slowed HR

54
Q

Froggy ACh

A

slowed heart rate

55
Q

Froggy adrenaline

A

faster heart rate

56
Q

Froggy atropine

A

blocks ACh

57
Q

Froggy dl-propanolol

A

blocks adrenaline

58
Q

Froggy tubocurarine

A

blocks ACh

59
Q

Dive response: what starts it?

A

Induced by holding breath and facial submersion in cold water

60
Q

Dive response: what happens?

A

bradycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction, decreased oxygen uptake from lungs (conserve O2)

61
Q

Dive response: what is the point?

A

Conserve O2 for vital organs, delay damage to tissues from hypoxia, increase possible duration of apnea

62
Q

Dive response: key findings

A

Apnea CAUSES bradycardia

Cold temperature INCREASES bradycardia

63
Q

Caffeine and exercise: main findings

A 
Exercise = decreased contraction time, increased contraction strength
Caffeine = decreased contraction time, slight decrease in strength of contraction 
Both = decreased contraction time, biggest increase in strength
64
Q

motor unit

A

a single motor neuron and the muscle cells it inervates

65
Q

wave summation (muscle)

A

if a max strength second stimulus is applied before muscle relaxes, a second more tense contraction occurs (tetanus)

66
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction: key findings

A
  • increase stimulus strength = increased contraction strength
  • contraction strength decreases as stimulus increases, when above maximal strength
67
Q

passive muscle tension

A

inherent elasticity of muscle fibres

68
Q

active muscle tension

A

created by stimulation of muscle

69
Q

Isometric muscle tension: key findings

A

Increasing muscle length…

  • increased total tension
  • increased active tension until resting muscle length (35mm)
  • increased passive tension significantly after resting
70
Q

Ideal blood pressure

A

120/80

71
Q

High blood pressure

A

above 140/90

72
Q

Effects of caffeine on heart rate and blood pressure

A

Raises heart rate and systolic BP at rest and with exercise

73
Q

Isolated nerve function: key results

A

increased stimulus strength = increased CAP amplitude

74
Q

maximum response in isolated nerve function

A

peak at which increase in stimulus voltage can no longer increase CAP amplitude

75
Q

Refractory period

A

Period in which a nerve cannot conduct another action potential

76
Q

Conduction velocity is affected by what factors of a nerve?

A

Diameter, myelination, and location of nerve being measured

77
Q

What factors influence respiratory rate during exercise?

A
  • More 02 needed, more C02 produced
  • Chemoreceptors detect increased CO2
  • decreased blood pH
  • lungs respond by activating more alveoli to take part in gas exchange
78
Q

Oxygen demand can be compensated for by…

A

Increasing breathing rate
OR
increasing tidal volume

79
Q

Tidal volume

A

volume inhaled/exhaled during normal breathing

80
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

volume that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation

81
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Volume that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

82
Q

Residual volume

A

air in lungs after maximal exhalation

83
Q

Vital capacity

A

largest volume that can be exhaled forcibly after maximal inhalation

84
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

volume remaining in lungs after normal expiration

85
Q

Spirometer

A

used to measure air capacity of lungs by measuring difference in pressure during breathing

86
Q

Respiratory volume and exercise: key results

A

exercise. ..

- increased rate of breathing, tidal volume

Biology 365 (8 decks)

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