Skill Aquistion, Retention and Transfer

Question 1

What is forgetting?

Answer 1

Not all skills are forgotten equally
longer retention = more forgetting
More forgetting in discrete tasks than in continuous tasks

Question 2

Why is remembering abstract SR pairs hard?

Answer 2

They are discrete task with large cognitive components which are forgotten relatively quickly

Question 3

Are continuous skills remembered or forgotten?

Answer 3

Retained relatively well over long periods of time. (ie Biking)

Question 4

What is the warm up decrements?

Answer 4

A psychological factor that is brought on by the passage of time away from the task and is eliminated with the performance of a few trials

Question 5

What is a hypothesis of skill retention?

Answer 5

A retention interval causes the loss of the “set” - psychological factors not related to memory

Question 6

What is a set?

Answer 6

A collections of psychological activities that are lost when a skill stops being performed

Question 7

What type of skill will warm up decrements have the highest impact?

Answer 7

Rapid discrete tasks

Question 8

What is similarity of skill transfer?

Answer 8

The idea that the more similar two skills are the more transfer will occur
(no definitive experimental support)

Question 9

What are similarities of fundamental movement patterns?

Answer 9

When 2 skills share the same movement structure transfer is likely to be higher between skill

Question 10

What are similarities of perceptual elements?

Answer 10

When two skills share similar info processing demands, transfer is likely to be higher

Question 11

What are similarities of strategic and conceptual similarities?

Answer 11

When tasks share common set of rules/guidelines, transfer is facilitated

Question 12

What happens to transfer as learning progresses?

Answer 12

With more practice performance of a given skill becomes more specific

Question 13

What happens when motor transfer is small?

Answer 13

Even when tasks appear similar, transfer tends to be minimal. Therefore the most effective practice is always on the target skill not on some related skill thought to transfer to the target skill.

Question 14

What happens when there is no transfer of basic abilities?

Answer 14

Fundamental abilities cannot be trained through practice. therefore practice sessions designed to improve general abilities are not very effective

Question 15

Can practice to improve an ability?

Answer 15

Even if you get to the root ability, abilities are largely inherited and do not change with practice.

Question 16

What happens when you practice a complex task all at once?

Answer 16

It can be overwhelming and result in poor performance

Question 17

What is part practice?

Answer 17

Where a complex skill is broken down into parts that are separately practiced

Question 18

What is whole practice?

Answer 18

Practice a complex skill i its entirety without breaking it into parts

Question 19

When is part practice effective?

Answer 19

Serial skills of long duration (dance) provided that there is low part to part interactions (errors in one part do not effect the next part)

Question 20

When is whole practice effective?

Answer 20

When the performance of one part effects the performance on another part (part to part interaction is high)

Question 21

What is progressive part practice?

Answer 21

A procedure where parts of a skill are gradually integrated into larger units during practice.

Question 22

What is a simulator?

Answer 22

A practice device to mimic features of a real world task

Question 23

When are simulators important?

Answer 23

1) skill is expensive or dangerous
2) facilities are limited
3) real practice is not possible

Question 24

Are simulators effective?

Answer 24

Shows there is positive transfer from simulator to task

Can save some time

Question 25

What is the fidelity?

Answer 25

How well a simulator matches the real world

Question 26

What is physical fidelity?

Answer 26

The degree to which the physical or surface features of the simulated and target task are identical

Question 27

What is psychological fidelity?

Answer 27

The degree to which the behaviors and processes produced in the simulator replicate the target task (hard to recreate)