Organizing and Scheduling Pracitice

Question 1

How does motivation affect performers?

Answer 1

Motivated performers will devote more hours
Practice more seriously
Have longer practice session

Question 2

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 2

A learners internal drive to learn a skill

Question 3

What determines intrinsic motivation?

Answer 3

Autonomy - Control
Competence - mastery
Relatedness - acceptance

Question 4

How does goal setting effect performance?

Answer 4

Learners are encouraged to adopt specific performance goals

After a retention test groups with specific goals performed better.

Question 5

What is augmented feedback?

Answer 5

Information provided to the learner from an external source

Providing feedback improves motor learning, even when given false feedback.

Question 6

How does self regulation effect performance?

Answer 6

Giving learners ownership over some of the components of practice increases performance because they feel autonomy.

Question 7

What is yoking?

Answer 7

When one individual is asked to create a practice and perform it (performance is increased) and then the next person does the same practice but their performance in decreased because they did not have a say.

Question 8

What are instructions?

Answer 8

Spoken or written to provide information about aspects of a skill

Question 9

What creates a better performance, directing attentional focus to external or internal focus?

Answer 9

External focus

Question 10

What is mental practice?

Answer 10

Learner thinks about the skill and goes through steps sequentially
Controversy over whether or not there are benefits of mental practice.

Question 11

Is mental practice really motor learning?

Answer 11

Mental practice is not as effective as physical practice but facilitates learning
Benefits of mental practice are not restricted to cognitive tasks or cognitive learning stage

Question 12

Is more practice always better?

Answer 12

Intensive practice will not always facilitate the most learning. Learners are not always aware of the optimal conditions for learning
There needs to be a balance

Question 13

What is massed practice?

Answer 13

A practice schedule with short rest periods

Question 14

What is distributed practice?

Answer 14

A practice schedule with long rest periods between practice trials

Question 15

What are (dis)advantages of massed vs distributed?

Answer 15

Massed = more practice (more fatigue)
Distributed = less practice (less fatigue)

Question 16

Why does rest not benefit discrete tasks?

Answer 16

Cannot make rest short enough to matter

Massed is best for discrete

Question 17

What type of practice is better for continuous tasks?

Answer 17

When a task is longer we see significant differences between groups practicing with different amounts of rest between trials.

1) Longer rest = better performance and learning
2) difference between rest groups get smaller on retention tests

Question 18

What does more practice result in?

Answer 18

More effective learning, less efficiency

Question 19

How do we increase efficiency during rest?

Answer 19

Insert periods of mental practice by observing during rest

This can increase ability to self detect/correct errors

Question 20

What is schema theory?

Answer 20

Suggests how we learn general motor programs by learning sets of rules relating surface features to parameters

Question 21

How does schema theory solve storage problem?

Answer 21

You don’t need to remember every parameter, only the underlying function

Question 22

How doe the schema theory solve the novelty problem/

Answer 22

You can estimate a new parameter value from a stored function

Question 23

What is constant practice?

Answer 23

Practicing only a single member of a class of movements

Question 24

What is variable practice?

Answer 24

Practicing several members of a class of movements

Question 25

What has better performance during acquisition?

Answer 25

Constant practice

Question 26

What has better performance on a transfer test?

Answer 26

Variable practice (more generalization)

Question 27

What is blocked practice?

Answer 27

Many trials of one task practiced consecutively before moving to another

Question 28

What is random practice?

Answer 28

Practice trials from several different tasks are completed in a random order

Question 29

What is the Shea and Morgan experiment?

Answer 29

Blocked = better during acquisition
Random = better during retention
Benefits of random practice extend to the scheduling of variable practice

Question 30

Why is random practice effective? (elaboration theory)

Answer 30

Frequent task changes forces the learner to make the tasks more distinct, making them meaningful and better remembered

Question 31

Why is random practice effective? (forgetting hypothesis)

Answer 31

Frequent task changes causes new motor solutions to be generated each time a task is newly encountered. Re-solving the motor problem means performance is low during learning but learning solution means it is retained better

Question 32

When is random practice limited?

Answer 32

When the task is too easy or too hard.