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Biology 365 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Mitochondrial Respiration

A

Production of ATP by oxidation of carbohydrates, amino acids, or fatty acids; O2 is consumed and CO2 is produced

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2
Q

Fick equation

A

Rate of diffusion = (diffusion coefficient) x (area of membrane) x (gradient difference in pressure for gasses)

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3
Q

Respiratory strategy of unicellular and small multicellular organisms

A

Diffusion

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4
Q

Ventilation

A

Moving medium (air or water) across respiratory surface (lungs of gills)

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5
Q

Circulation

A

Transportation of gasses within circulatory system

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6
Q

Respiratory strategy of sponges, cnidarians and insects

A

Circulating external medium through body

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7
Q

Respiratory strategy of most aquatic invertebrates and some amphibians

A

Diffusion of gasses across skin and then circulatory transport; skin must be thin and moist; cutaneous respiration

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8
Q

Evaginations

A

Gills

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9
Q

Invaginations

A

Lungs

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10
Q

Nondirectional ventilation

A

Medium flows past respiratory surface in unpredictable pattern

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11
Q

Tidal ventilation

A

Medium moves in and out of the chamber

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12
Q

Unidirectional ventilation

A

Medium enters chamber at one point and exits at another

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13
Q

Ventilation strategy of water breathers

A

Unidirectional

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14
Q

Ventilation strategy of air breathers

A

Tidal ventilation

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15
Q

Ventilation flow in insects

A

Tidal or unidirectional flow

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16
Q

Ventilation strategy of sponges

A

Flagella move water in through ostia and out through out through osculum

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17
Q

Ventilation strategy of cnidarians

A

Muscle contractions move water in and out through the mouth

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18
Q

Ventilation strategy for snails and clams

A

Cilia on gills move water across gills unidirectionally, with a countercurrent flow

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19
Q

Ventilation strategy for cephalopods

A

Muscular contractions of mantle propel water unidirectionally past gills in the mantle cavity, with a countercurrent flow

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20
Q

Blood flow in elasmobranchs

A

Blood flow is countercurrent

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21
Q

Concurrent flow

A

When blood and medium flow in the same direction

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22
Q

Countercurrent flow

A

When blood and medium flow in opposite directions

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23
Q

Crosscurrent flow

A

When blood flows perpendicular to medium

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24
Q

Ram ventilation

A

When mobile water breathing animals (elasmobranchs like sharks or rays, teleost fish, etc) swim with mouth open to force ventilation of gills

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25
Respiratory structures in air breathing fish which allow for air breathing
- Reinforced gills that do not collapse in air - Highly vascularized mouth/phayngeal cavity, and stomach - Specialized pockets in the gut - lungs
26
Two major lineages of terrestrial ventilation
1 - vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals | 2 - arthropods (crustaceans, chelicerates, insects)
27
Types of respiratory structures in amphibians
Cutaneous respiration and simple bilobed lungs (tidal ventilation using buccal force pump)
28
How many cycles of inhalation/exhalation in birds?
Two
29
Intrapleural pressure
Subatmospheric, which keeps lung expanded
30
Pleural sac
Two layers of cells with the pleural cavity between them. The pleural cavity contains pleural fluid. One side of the pleural sac is continuous with the chest wall, and the other is continuous with the lung
31
Cells in mammalian alveoli
Type I cell, Type II cell, alveolar macrophages
32
Function of type I alveolar cells
Gas exchange
33
Function of type II alveolar cells
Secrete surfacant
34
Surfacants
Made of protein and lipids, reduce surface tension, prevents alveoli from collapsing, and reduces work of breathing by reducing tendency for small airways to stick together
35
Lung compliance
How easily the lungs stretch during inhalation. This is lowered by surface tension in alveolar fluids, or scarring
36
Lung elasticity
Ability of the lung to return to resting volume after being stretched
37
Fibrotic lung disease
Scarring of lung tissue, which reducing lung compliance and makes breathing difficult
38
Emphysema
Lung is more compliant but less elastic, so airways tend to collapse and lung is easily inflated by must expend more energy to expire
39
Asthma
Chronic inflammation of the airways, with bronchospasm and constriction of airways
40
Bronchoconstriction caused by stimulation of ___________ nerves
Parasympathetic
41
Bronchodilation caused by stimulation of ___________ nerves
Sympathetic
42
Tidal volume (Vt)
Volume of air moved in one breath
43
Dead space (Vd)
Air that doesn't participate in gas exchange
44
Two components of dead space
1 - anatomical dead space of trachea and bronchi | 2 - alveolar dead space from volume of alveoli that are not perfused
45
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Volume of air that can be inhaled after normal inhalation
46
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
47
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Volume of air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation
48
Vital capacity (VC)
Max air that can be moved in and out of lungs with one breath
49
Total lung capacity (TLC)
Sum of vital capacity and residual volume of air left even after a maximal exhalation
50
Alveolar ventilation volume (Va)
Volume of fresh air that enters alveoli with each respiratory cycle (Va = Vt - Vd)
51
Alveolar minute ventilation
Volume of fresh air that enters alveoli each minute (Va x breaths per minute)
52
Metalloproteins (respiratory pigments) function
Proteins that contain metal ions which reversibly bind to oxygen and increase oxygen carrying capacity by 50-fold
53
Three major types of respiratory pigments
Hemoglobins Hemocyanins Hemoerythrins
54
Hemoglobins structure
Globin protein bound to an iron bound heme molecule; 2 alpha subunits, 2 beta subunits
55
Myoglobin
Hemoglobin found in muscles
56
Hemocyanin structure
Two coppers bound directly to protein. Very large multisubunit protein (up to 48 individual subunits).
57
Location of hemocyanin
Dissolved directly in hemolymph of arthropods, arachnids, and molluscs
58
Hemoerythrins structure
Iron bound directly to protein. Trimeric or octomeric protein with two irons per subunit
59
Hemoerythrin location
Inside coelomic cells of invertebrates
60
Colour of oxygenated hemoglobin
Red
61
Colour of oxygenated heemerythrin
Violet-pink
62
Colour of oxygenated hemocyanins
Blue
63
Cooperative binding of hemoglobin to
The hemoglobin molecule has an increasingly higher affinity for oxygen as each subunit is bound
64
Sigmoidal shape of oxygen equilibrium curve indicates...
Cooperative binding
65
Hyperbolic shape of oxygen equilibrium curve indicates...
Independent binding
66
Bohr effect
As blood becomes more acidic (like from high [CO2] from exercise), hemoglobin has a lesser affinity for oxygen. As blood becomes more basic, hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen.
67
Root effect
Lowering pH causes lower affinity of hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, and lowers carrying capacity of oxygen seen in a lower saturation level
68
High temperature causes ______ affinity of hemoglobin to bind to O2
lessened
69
2,3-bisphosphate _______ affinity of hemoglobin to O2
Lessens
70
2,3-bisphosphate is produced when?
During periods of anoxia/high altitudes where air O2 levels are low. By lowering affinity of hemoglobin to bind to O2, O2 is delivered to muscles
71
C02 Transport
Dissolved in plasma, bound to proteins, but mostly as bicarbonate
72
CO2 to bicarbonate
CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> HCO3 + H
73
Carbonic anhydrase
Catalyzed formation of HCO3 from CO2 and water
74
Haldane effect
Deoxygenated blood can carry more CO2 than oxygenated blood
75
Central pattern generators
Found in medulla, initiate ventilatory movements via nerve signals

Biology 365 (8 decks)

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