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Biology 365 > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Seven classes of nutrients

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, ions, water

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2
Q

Types of digestion

A

Mechanical and chemical

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3
Q

Assimilation

A

Process of nutrient acquisition, digestion, and absorption

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4
Q

Egestion

A

Excretion of undigested food

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5
Q

Types of cells in GI tract

A

Secretory, absorptive, muscle, neurons

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6
Q

Caloric equivalent

A

Energy content of a gram of a specific macromolecule

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7
Q

Functions of vitamins

A

Cofactors for enzymes in catalysis, antioxidants, coenzymes

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8
Q

Function of minerals

A

Metallic elements that participate in protein

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9
Q

Nine essential amino acids

A

Phenylalanine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine

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10
Q

Protein quality

A

Amino acid profile of a dietary protein

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11
Q

Omega-6 fatty acids ingested as….

A

γ-linoleic acid

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12
Q

Omega-3 fatty acids ingested as…

A

α-linolenic acid

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13
Q

Lipases

A

Break down triglycerides and phospholipids into fatty acids

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14
Q

Proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin)

A

Break down proteins into shorter polypeptides

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15
Q

Peptidases

A

Cleave successive amino acids

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16
Q

Amylases

A

Break down polysaccharides into oligosaccharides

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17
Q

Nucleases

A

Break down DNA into nucleotides

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18
Q

Location of most digestion

A

Extracellularly, in the lumen of the GI tract

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19
Q

Main types of symbiotic organisms

A

Enterosymbionts, exosymbionts, endosymbionts

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20
Q

Enterosymbionts

A

Live within the lumen of the GI tract, often in an enlarged region called the cecum

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21
Q

Exosymbionts

A

Actively cultivated outside of the body

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22
Q

Endosymbionts

A

Grow in interstitial spaces or within host cells

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23
Q

Main types of polysaccharides consumed by animals

A

Glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin

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24
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage carbohydrate of mammalian muscle and liver

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25
Starch
Storage carbohydrate of plants
26
Cellulose
Found in plant cell walls, and cannot be digested by humans
27
Chitin
Found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and plankton
28
Where and how are monosaccharides absorbed in GI tract?
Epithelial cells of intestine (enterocytes) via secondary active transport and facilitated diffusion
29
Transporter for glucose in GI tract enterocytes
SGLT-1 (GLUT-2 when high [glc])
30
Transporter for fructose in GI tract enterocytes
GLUT-5
31
Function of bile
To emulsify lipids into small droplets
32
Micelles
Small droplets of fat
33
Lipases function
Breaking down dietary fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides
34
Chylomicrons
Proteins that coat triglycerides, long chain fatty acids, cholesterol and monoacylglycerides before they enter lymphatic system
35
Simple lipids
Fatty acids, triacylglycerol, sterols
36
Compound lipids
Phospholipids, lipoproteins
37
Four types of teeth
Incisors, canines, premolars, molars
38
Foregut components
Esophagus, stomach, anterior section of duodenum
39
Midgut components
Posterior part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and 2/3 of colon
40
Hindgut components
Final 1/3 of colon and rectum
41
Ways to increase surface area of gut
Increase gut length, or increase surface undulations like circular folds, villi, and microvilli
42
Enteryocytes
Cells lining digestive tract
43
Ruminants
Modifications to GI tract to improve digestion of plant material
44
Function of stomach mucous neck cells
Secrete mucous
45
Function of stomach parietal cells
Secrete HCl
46
Function of stomach chief cells
Secrete pepsin
47
Function of stomach enteroendrocrine cells
Secrete hormones like gastrin into the blood
48
Function of villi enterocytes
Absorptive cells with microvilli
49
Function of villi globlet cells
Secrete mucous
50
Function of villi paneth cells
Secrete animicrobial molecules like lysozymes
51
Function of villi Crypt of Lieberkuhn
Secrete sucrase, maltase, lactase, and peptidase
52
Function of bile salts
Emulsifying fats
53
Enzymes of the pancreas
Proteases, amylases, lipases, and nucleases
54
Types of proteases produced in pancreas
Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase (all produced as inactive proenzymes which are activated in intestine)
55
Smooth muscle layers in gut
Longitudinal and circular, with a layer of nerve network between the two
56
Myenteric plexus
Nerve network between circular and longitudinal layers of smooth gut muscle. Receives signals from sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
57
Function of longitudinal smooth muscle layer in gut
Controls length, and paristalsis
58
Function of circular smooth muscle layer in gut
Controls diameter and segmentation
59
Peristalsis
A series of wavelike rhythmic contractions and relaxations involving circular and longitudinal muscles that propel food forwards throughout GI tract
60
Short term energy store regulators
Onset/termination of individual meals | Ghrelin, PYY, CCK, vagus nerve
61
Long term regulation of body energy stores
Leptin
62
Hormones that control appetite by binding to receptors in hypothalamus (arcuate nucleus)
Leptin, ghrelin, peptide YY
63
Leptin
Secreted by white adipose tissue when lipid content is high, and suppresses appetite
64
Chrelin
Secreted by stomach when empty, and stimulates appetite
65
Peptide YY
Secreted by colon when full, and suppresses appetite
66
Cholecystokinin (CKK)
Secreted by duodenum and suppresses appetite
67
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) neuron activity
Stimulate appetite
68
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neuron activity
Inhibits apetite

Biology 365 (8 decks)

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