Behavioral Sciences Chapter 11: Social structure and Demographics

Question 1

Functionalism

Answer 1

focuses on the function of each component of society and how those components fit together

Question 2

Manifest functions

Answer 2

deliberate actions that serve to help a given system

Question 3

Latent functions

Answer 3

unexpected, unintended or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions.

Question 4

Conflict theory

Answer 4

Focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order.

Question 5

Symbolic interactionism

Answer 5

The study of ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures and other symbols.

Question 6

Social constructionism

Answer 6

explores the ways in which individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality

Question 7

Social institutions

Answer 7

well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture. Common include the family, education system, religion, government, economy, health and medicine

Question 8

What are the four key ethical tenets of American medicine?

Answer 8

Beneficence = acting in the patients best interest
Nonmaleficence = avoiding treatments for which risk is larger than benefit.
Respect for autonomy = refers to respecting patients’ rights to make decisions about their own healthcare
Justice = refers to treating similar patients similarly and distributing healthcare resources fairly

Question 9

Culture

Answer 9

encompasses the lifestyle of a group of people and includes both material and symbolic elements.

Question 10

Material culture

Answer 10

includes the physical items one associates with a given group, such as artwork, emblems, clothing, jewelry, food, buildings and tools

Question 11

Symbolic culture

Answer 11

includes the ideas associated with a cultural group

Question 12

cultural barrier

Answer 12

social difference that impedes interaction.

Question 13

Language

Answer 13

consists of spoken or written symbols combined into a system governed by rules.

Question 14

Value

Answer 14

what a person deems important in life.

Question 15

Belief

Answer 15

something a person considers to be true

Question 16

ritual

Answer 16

formalized ceremonial behavior in which members of a group or community regularly engage. It is governed by specific rules, including appropriate behavior and a predetermined order of events

Question 17

Norms

Answer 17

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

Question 18

Culture and evolution

Answer 18

There is evidence that culture flows from evolutionary principles and that culture can also influence evolution.

Question 19

Demographics

Answer 19

refer to the statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology. One can analyze hundreds of demographic variables.

Question 20

Ageism

Answer 20

prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person’s age.

Question 21

Gender

Answer 21

the set of behavioral, cultural or psychological traits typically associated with a biological sex.

Question 22

Gender inequality

Answer 22

The intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of another

Question 23

ethnicity

Answer 23

also a social construct that sorts people by cultural factors, including language, nationality, religion and other factors

Question 24

symbolic ethnicity

Answer 24

recognition of an ethnic identity that is only relevant on special occasions or in specific circumstances and does not specifically impact everyday life.

Question 25

Sexual orientation

Answer 25

can be defined by one’s sexual interest toward members of the same, opposite or both sexes.

Question 26

Fertility rate

Answer 26

the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population

Question 27

Birth rate

Answer 27

relative to a population size over time, usually measured as the number of deaths per 1,000 people.

Question 28

Mortality rate

Answer 28

Average number of deaths per population size over time, usually measured as the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

Question 29

Migration

Answer 29

refers to the movement of people from one geographic location to another.

Question 30

Demographic transition

Answer 30

model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization.

Question 31

Social movements

Answer 31

organized to either promote (proactive) or resist (reactive) social change

Question 32

Globalization

Answer 32

the process of integrating a global economy with free trade and tapping of foreign labor markets.

Question 33

Urbanization

Answer 33

refers to the process of dense areas of population creating a pull for migration - creating cities.