Rubin's 13: Obesity & Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

What leads to injury to pancreatic cells in T1DM?

Answer 1

Cell-mediated immunity: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes sensitized to beta cells are the real reason for beta cell destruction. The antibodies come as a result of the damaged cells.

Question 2

What is the result of hyperinsulinemia secondary to insulin resistance in T2DM?

Answer 2

Downregulation of the number of insulin receptors on the plasma membrane.

Question 3

Intermittent claudication is seen in patients with T2DM, caused by what?

Answer 3

Atherosclerosis

Question 4

The development of polyneuropathy in patients with T2DM (and T1DM) results from:

Answer 4

Hyperglycemia

Question 5

What is hemoglobin A1C?

Answer 5

A specific fraction of glycosylated hemoglobin in circulating RBCs

Question 6

How does microvascular disease contribute to extremity ulcers in diabetic patients?

Answer 6

Slow healing wounds due to ischemia; Increased deposition and glycosylation of basement membrane proteins

Question 7

What is the main way to control microvascular disease in diabetic patients?

Answer 7

Control of blood sugar

Question 8

Hyalinzation of the islets of Langherhans shows wahat material in patients with T2DM?

Answer 8

Amyoid (from amylin secreted by the beta cell)

Question 9

Eventually, glomeruli in the diabetic kidney exhibit a unique lesion called:

Answer 9

Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease or nodular glomerulosclerosis

Question 10

Glucose is converted to sorbitol, which is toxic, in what cycle, that can contribute to the formation of cataracts?

Answer 10

Aldose reductase pathway

Question 11

Pregnant patients with diabetes may give birth to babies with what complication?

Answer 11

Hypoglycemia; increased birth weight