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Biochem Exam 1 > Transcription and Translation > Flashcards

Transcription and Translation Flashcards

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1
Q

RNA polymerase adds NTP’s to what end?

A

3’ OH **Needs the 3’ OH

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2
Q

RNA polymerase reads DNA template strand in what direction?

A

3’ to 5’

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3
Q

RNA polymerase synthesizes in what direction?

A

5’ to 3’

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4
Q

RNA synthesis occurs where in prokaryotes?

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

RNA synthesis occurs where in eukaryotes?

A

nucleus

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6
Q

What part of prokaryotic RNA polymerase scans DNA for promoters?

A

Sigma factor

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7
Q

What part of prokaryotic RNA polymerase actually produces RNA?

A

Apoenzyme (alpha and beta subunits, without sigma)

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8
Q

What prokaryotic RNA produces rRNA?

A

Pol I

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9
Q

What prokaryotic RNA produces mRNA?

A

Pol II

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10
Q

What prokaryotic RNA produces tRNA and other small RNAs like 5S rRNA?

A

Pol III

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11
Q

the lac operon is an example of what kind of prokaryotic gene?

A

Polycistronic gene: one RNA codes for more than one protein that are all apart of the same metabolic pathway

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12
Q

What end of Euk DNA is the promoter region found?

A

5’ end and is NOT transcribed

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13
Q

What is the intermediate RNA strand made before a mature mRNA?

A

hnRNA (heterogenous)

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14
Q

What is removed from the hnRNA that forms the mRNA?

A

Intron

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15
Q

What are the two prokaryotic promoter elements recognized by sigma factor?

A

Pribnow (TATAAT) box at -10

TTGACA at -35

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16
Q

What are the two Euk promoter elements?

A

Hogness (TATA) box at -25

CAAT boxes between -40 and -100

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17
Q

What binds to Euk promoters and must be present to initiate transcription?

A

TATA Binding Protein (TBP) and Transcription Factors (TFII’s)

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18
Q

DNA sequence that can bind to a protein factor

A

cis element

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19
Q

cis element DNA portion that lowers transcription rate

A

cis element (portion of DNA that increases Silencer element

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20
Q

Steroids bind to these elements to activate transcription

A

Enhancer elements

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21
Q

binds to silencer to lower transcription rate

A

Repressor

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22
Q

cis element portion of DNA that increases transcription

A

Enhancer element

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23
Q

Euk DNA is transcribed as this first

A

hsRNA

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24
Q

5’ cap contains what group?

A

methylated GTP

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25
Is the Poly(A) tail added to the end of mRNA?
NO!
26
Where is the Poly(A) tail added on mRNA?
At a specific cleavage site
27
What performs the splicing of mRNA?
snRNPs
28
What base endings signal introns?
GU---AG
29
Where are ribosomes built?
Nucleolus
30
Where do small and large sub units come together?
Cytoplasm
31
tRNA contains what bases not found in other RNA?
Thymine and Pseudouracil
32
What is added to the tRNA enzymatically, which gives it the capability of carrying amino acids?
3' CCA (Can Carry Amino acids)
33
Rifampin and Rifamycin bind to RNA Polymerase to prevents what?
transcription initiation
34
Streptolydigin binds to bacterial RNA polymerase and prevents what?
elongation
35
a-amanitin inhibits what?
Eukaryotic RNA Pol II and prevents mRNA synthesis
36
Start codon
AUG
37
Start codon coded AA
Methionine (Met)
38
Stop codons
UAG, UGA, UAA
39
What is located on tRNA and can bind to multiple bases?
Inosine
40
Change of base pair mutation
point mutation
41
Wrong AA coded for?
Missense
42
AA codon changed to a STOP codon
Nonsense ("stop the nonsense")
43
Base change that specifies the same AA
Silent
44
What mutation usually leads to premature termination by new STOP codon in new reading frame?
Frameshift
45
AA binds to what on CCA end of tRNA?
Adenine
46
What is the reaction that attaches the AA to tRNA?
Aminoacylation
47
Translation starts with what AA?
Methionine
48
mRNA binds to 40S ribosomal subunit containing charged tRNA
Euk translation inititation
49
First AA in Euk translation
Methionine
50
Initiation factors in Euk translation
eIF's
51
Kozak consensus sequence has to do with what step in translation
Euk translation initiation
52
Shine-Dalgarno sequence has to do with what step in Prok translation?
Prok translation initiation
53
mRNA binds upstream to AUG and 16S rRNA
Prok translation initiation
54
First AA in Prok translation
Formyl-methionine
55
Delivery of appropriate aminoacyl-tRNA's are directed by what?
Elongation factors
56
Peptide bond formation is catalyzed by what?
Peptidyl Transferase
57
Peptidyl Transferase is associated with what ribosomal subunit?
Larger 50S or 60S
58
The A, P, and E-sites are associated with what translation step?
Elongation
59
Translocation occurs during what translation step?
Elongation
60
Termination occurs at what codon?
the STOP codons
61
Prok tRNA contains what group, that makes it different from euk tRNA?
Formyl group
62
Adding Proline or Lysine to amino acid residues to increase collagen stability is an example of what?
Post translational modification
63
In I-cell disease, the patient has a deficiency in what?
mannose-6-phosphate
64
Streptomycin binds and inhibits what?
Binds 16S rRNA of 30S subunit Inhibits translational inititation
65
Tetracylcine binds and blocks what?
Binds to 30S subunit Blocks tRNA from binding to A site
66
Chloramphenicol binds and blocks what?
Binds 50S subunit Blocks peptidyltransferase activity
67
Erythromycin binds and inhibits what?
Binds 50S subunit Inhibits translocation
68
A patient with Tay-Sachs disease has a deficiency in what enzyme?
Hexosaminidase
69
Tay-Sachs disease is due to what kind of mutation?
Insertion mutation
70
Meaning a single AA can have more than one triplet code
Degenerate
71
Polysomes are found where?
cytoplasm and RER

Biochem Exam 1 (10 decks)

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