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physiology ii > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

O1-S2

CNS def’n

A

Consists of unpaired bilaterally symmetrical structures extending along the longitudinal axis of midsagittal plane of body

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2
Q

O1-S2

CNS consists of structures arising directly from the _________?

A

Neural tube

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3
Q

O1-S2

Brain functional categories

A

Sensory
Motor
Cognitive

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4
Q

O1-S2

What is site of coordination of most reflex arcs?

A

Spinal cord

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5
Q

O1-S2

Spinal cord functions

A

First CNS structure encountered by most incoming sensory info

Last relay station for most motor info

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6
Q

O1-S2

Sensory info from where does not encounter spinal cord first or at all?

A

Cranial nerve

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7
Q

O1-S2

Spinal cord is not last relay station for motor info coming from where?

A

ANS motor fibers

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8
Q

O1-S2

PNS def’n

A

Made up of transmission pathways carrying info btw the CNS and the external/internal environments

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9
Q

O1-S2

  1. Afferent pathways carry ______ info _____ the CNS
  2. Efferent pathways carry ______ info _____ the CNS.
A

1a. Sensory
1b. To

2a. Motor
2b. Away from

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10
Q

O1-S2

PNS sensory receptor locations
PNS motor end plate locations

A

Sensory receptors - skin, wall of gut tube, tendons, skeletal muscle

Motor end plate - btw motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers

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11
Q

O1-S2

ANS is considered a subdivision of _____.
ANS Innervates ______ and _______, which are ______ structures.

A
  1. PNS
    2a. Smooth muscle
    2b. Glands
    2c. Visceral
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12
Q

O1-S2

T/F: ANS is both motor and sensory.

A

False, ANS is entirely motor

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13
Q

O1-S2

ANS: Sympathetic system functions

ANS: Parasympathetic system functions

A

Sympathetic - fight or flight

Parasympathetic - rest and digest/feed and breed

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14
Q

O1-S2

Sympathetic aka
Parasympathetic aka

A

Sympathetic aka thoracolumbar

Parasympathetic aka craniosacral

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15
Q

O1-S3

Nucleus - 
Ganglion - 
Nerve -
Tract - 
Commissure -
A

Nucleus - aggregation of dendrites and nerve cells bodies in CNS
Ganglion - aggregation of dendrites and nerve cells bodies in PNS
Nerve - Bundle of axons in PNS
Tract - Bundle of axons in CNS
Commissure - Tract in the CNS that crosses from one side to the other

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16
Q

O1-S3

Parts of neuron

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon

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17
Q

O1-S3

Cell body = _______ unit
Dendrites = _______ unit
Axon = _____ unit

A

Cell body = tropic unit
Dendrites = receptive unit
Axon = conductive unit

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18
Q

O1-S3

What part of neuron has receptors for neurotransmitters and can conduct local potentials?

A

Dendrites

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19
Q

O1-S3

What part of neuron conducts action potential and release neurotransmitters?

A

Axon

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20
Q

O1-S3

Telodendria

A

Short process off axon ends

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21
Q

O1-S3

Terminal boutons

A

Endings off of telodendria

Contain synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters

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22
Q

O1-S3

Where are mitochondria, neurofilaments, and neurotubules located in a neuron?

Where is nucleus contained?

A
  1. Axon

2. Cell body

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23
Q

O1-S3

Where are organelles necessary to maintain and repair the neuron located?

A

Cell body

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24
Q

O1-S3

Neurolemma

A

Covers axon

Made up of Schwann cells

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25
Q

O1-S3

Schwann cells

A

Produces myelin

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26
Q

O1-S3

Can parts of the neurons other than the axon be myelinated?

A

No, Schwann cells only on axon.

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27
Q

O1-S3

T/F: Axons that are covered with Schwann cells are always myelinated.

A

False, not all axons are myelinated even though they are all covered by Schwann cells

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28
Q

O1-S3

White matter =
Gray matter =

A

White matter = areas of myelinated axons

Gray matter = Area of unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, and dendrites

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29
Q

O1-S3

DAS =
VEM =

A

DAS = Dorsal Afferent Sensory

VEM = Ventral Efferent Motor

30
Q

O1-S3

White ramus communicans carries…
Gray ramus communicans carries……back to….

A

White ramus communicans carries myelinated preganglionic fibers

Gray ramus communicans carries unmyelinated postganglionic fibers back to spinal nerve

31
Q

O1-S3

Paravertebral ganglia
A. Location
B. Cell bodies of what?
C. Sites of synapses btw what?

A

A. Lateral to vertebral column on both sides in thoracolumbar region

B. Cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic nerves

C. Sites of synapses btw preganglionic myelinated sympathetic neurons and postganglionic unmyelinated sympathetic neurons

32
Q

O1-S3

Splanchic nerve supplies….

A

Viscera

33
Q

O1-S3

Pre vertebral ganglia
A. Location
B. Sites of synapses btw

A

A. Anterior to abdominal aorta
B. Sites of synapses btw preganglionic myelinated sympathetic neurons and postganglionic unmyelinated sympathetic neurons

34
Q

O1-S4

What is the pathway the leaves from and returns to the CNS

A

Reflex arc

35
Q

O1-S4

What does reflex arc consists of?

A

Sensory Afferent pathways

Motor Efferent pathways

36
Q

O1-S4

Interneurons function

A

Modulate interaction btw Afferent and efferent neurons

37
Q

O1-S5

Components of a synapse

A

Pre synaptic membrane
Synaptic cleft
Post synaptic membrane

38
Q

O1-S4

Mono synaptic pathways
Polysynaptic pathways

A

Mono - Pathways that consist of only Afferent and efferent neurons and a single synapse btw these two neurons

Poly - Pathways include Afferent, efferent, and Interneurons and have multiple synapses

39
Q

O1-S6

Describe the three physiological states of a neuron

A

Resting: Cell body potential approx -65mV
Excited: more positive -45mV; influx of Na+
Inhibited: more negative -70mV; efflux of K+; influx of Na+

40
Q

O1-S6

T/F: Simultaneous firing of a few synapses on the postsynaptic neurons can cause an action potential.

A

False, Simultaneous firing of a few synapses on the postsynaptic neurons CANNOT cause an action potential.

Only Simultaneous firing of MANY synapses on the postsynaptic neurons CAN cause an action potential.

41
Q

O1-S7

Somatosensory axis def’n

A

Seq of structures involved in the transmission of a sensory signal from periph receptors to higher brain centers

42
Q

O1-S7

Components of somatosensory axis

A 
Periph receptors 
Afferent neurons
Spinal cord
Reticular substance
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Somesthetic/sensory areas of cerebral cortex

Please Ask Sally to Read Christians Thesis Soon

43
Q

O1-S7

Main somatosensory neuron pathway (Afferent neurons)

A

Primary Afferent - Secondary Aff - Tertiary Aff

44
Q

O1-S7

Where do theses synapse:

Primary Afferent
Secondary Aff
Tertiary Aff

A

Primary - posterior horns of spinal cord or sensory nuclei in brain

Secondary - Thalamus

Tertiary - Somesthetic/Sensory area cerebral cortex

45
Q

O1-S8

Skeletal motor nerve axis def’n

A

Seq of structures involved in the transmission of an action potential from the higher brain centers to skeletal muscles

46
Q

O1-S8

Components of Skeletal motor nerve axis

A

Motor Cortex
Efferent pathways
Effectors: Skeletal muscles

MEE

47
Q

O1-S8

Components of efferent pathways of skeletal motor nerve axis

A

Upper motor neurons:
Extend from cortical areas to anterior horns of the spinal cord

Alpha lower motor neurons
Extend to skeletal muscles

48
Q

O1-S8

Processing areas of the skeletal motor nerve axis

A

Basal nuclei of Telencephalon
Thalamus in Diencephalon
Spinal cord reflexes

Big Titties Suck

49
Q

O2

Acetylcholine secreted by:

A

Pyramidal cells (cerebral cortex)
Basal nuclei neurons
Alpha motor neurons
Preganglionic neurons of ANS
Postganglionic neurons of Parasympathetic ANS
Postganglionic neurons of Sympathetic ANS

50
Q

O2

Norepinephrine secreted by:

A

Brain stem neurons
Hypothalamus neurons
Pons neurons
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

51
Q

O2

Dopamine secreted by:

A

Neurons originating in substantia nigra

52
Q

O2

Glycine secreted by:

A

Synapses in spinal cord

53
Q

O2

GABA secreted by:

A

Spinal cord

Cerebral cortex

54
Q

O2

Glutamate secreted by:

A

Sensory pathways entering CNS

Cerebral cortex

55
Q

O2

Excitatory, inhibitory, or both?

Ach
Norepinephrine 
Dopamine
Glycine
GABA
Glutamate
A 
Ach - Excitatory
Norepinephrine - Both
Dopamine - Inhibitory
Glycine - Inhibitory 
GABA - Inhibitory 
Glutamate - Excitatory

DIGG

56
Q

O4

T/F: Dendrites can transmit action all potentials.

A

False, they generally cannot.

57
Q

O3-S1/S2

Which is the direct spread of electrical current by ion conduction in the dendritic fluids w/o generating an action potential?

A. Electrotonic conduction
B. Decremental conduction
C. Tectonic conduction
D. Electric conduction

A

A.

58
Q

O3-S1/2

Local potential is considered:

A. Electrotonic conduction
B. Decremental conduction
C. Excitatory conduction
D. Electric conduction

A

A.

59
Q

O3-S1/2

Which is conduction that weakens as it goes further from the site of initiation?

A. Electrotonic conduction
B. Decremental conduction
C. Weakening conduction
D. Dampening conduction

A

B.

60
Q

O3-S2

How does decremental conduction occur?

A

Loss of potential due to leakage of K+ and Cl- ions thru dendritic membranes

61
Q

O3-S1

Dendritic characteristics that result in electrotonic conduction?

A

Few voltage gated sodium channels (can’t reach threshold)

Threshold too high for action potentials to occur

62
Q

O3-S3

Excitatory state

A

Summated degree of excitatory drive to neuron

63
Q

O3-S3

When does excitatory state occur?
When does inhibitory state occur?

A
  1. When there is a higher degree of excitation than inhibition.
  2. When there is a higher degree of inhibition than excitation.
64
Q

O3-S4

Factors that determine firing rate?

A

Normal excitatory rate

Changes in excitatory rate

65
Q

O3-S4

When will neuron fire repeatedly?

A

As long as excitatory state remains above threshold for excitation, neuron will fire repeatedly.

66
Q

O3-S4

Changes in excitatory rate are due to:

A

Superimposition of additional excitatory inhibitory signals

67
Q

O3-S8

Synaptic delay def’n
And minimum time

A

Time it takes to transmit a signal from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron

Minimum time = 0.5 msec

68
Q

O3-S9

Factors that determine synaptic delay

A
  1. Time it takes to release neurotransmitter from pre-syn neuron
  2. Time it takes neurotransmitter to diffuse across synaptic cleft
  3. How neurotransmitter acts on postsynaptic membrane
  4. Time it takes for receptor to increase membrane permeability
  5. Time it takes for the inward diffusion of Na+ ions
69
Q

S4-O1

What are the two sources of blood supply to the brain?

A

Vertebral arteries

Internal carotid arteries

70
Q

O4-S2

Circle of Willis

What is it?
What is function?

A

Pentagonal shaped circle of arteries (Anastomoses) on ventral surface of brain that unites the two vertebral and the two internal carotid arteries.

Alleviates blockages that may occur between vertebral and internal carotids

71
Q

O4-S2

Circle of Willis components

A 
Posterior cerebral arteries
Posterior communicating arteries
Internal carotids
Anterior cerebral arteries
Anterior communicating artery
72
Q

O1-S1/S2

Three major sub divisions of NS and their components

A

CNS - Brain and spinal cord
PNS - Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
ANS - Sympathetic NS and Parasympathetic NS

physiology ii (4 decks)

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