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Microbiology > Ch 02 Chemical Properties > Flashcards

Ch 02 Chemical Properties Flashcards

1
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest unit of matter that cannot be divided. Also smallest particle which retains properties of an element. Composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons.

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2
Q

What is atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus

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3
Q

What is atomic weight?

A

The number of protons and neutrons

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4
Q

What is an isotope?

A

The atom has a different number of neutrons. C12, C13, C14

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5
Q

What are the biological elements?

A

95% carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen

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6
Q

What is the molecular weight of a molecule?

A

The sum of the atomic weight of all the atoms

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7
Q

What is radioactivity?

A

Unstable number of protons and neutrons

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8
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

An atom that gains or loses electrons

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9
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

Electron sharing H:C

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10
Q

What is hydrogen bonding?

A

H polar (unequal) bonding to N, O, F

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11
Q

Which type of chemical reaction releases energy?

A

Exothermic

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12
Q

What is one mole?

A

The molecular weight in grams

Ex. water 2H=2x1=2 1O=16 the molecular weight of water is 18

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13
Q

What is condensation?

A

Water removal AKA dehydration

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14
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Breaking molecular bonds using water

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15
Q

What are the three laws of thermodynamics?

A
  1. E cannot be created or destroyed.
  2. Entropy - no energy transformation is 100%
  3. Conservation of matter
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16
Q

Are exothermic or endothermic are more likely to occur?

A

Exothermic because they are more chaotic

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17
Q

What element is needed for an organic molecule?

A

Carbon!

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18
Q

Is water organic or inorganic?

A

Inorganic!

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19
Q

What are four characteristics of water?

A
  1. Polar molecule
  2. A good solvent
  3. Temperature buffering
  4. Surface tension
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20
Q

What is the formula for pH?

A

pH = -log10 [H-]

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21
Q

What do acids and bases donate and accept?

A

Acids donate H+; accept OH-

Bases donate OH-; accept H+

22
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Same chemistry, different structure

23
Q

What is Vitamin C?

A

Made from glucose

24
Q

Where is starch and glycogen made?

A

Starch is made by plants Glycogen is made by the liver

25
Q

Where is cholesterol needed?

A

Cell membranes

26
Q

What is the difference between unsaturated and saturated molecules.

A

Unsaturated = more double bonds Saturated = fully saturated with hydrogen atoms

27
Q

What is the characteristic of polyunsaturated molecules?

A

the more polyunsaturated, the lower the boiling point

28
Q

What is a glycolipid?

A

sugar coated lipid

29
Q

What is meant by amphoteric?

A

One side likes water, the other side does not

30
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

a covalent bond that holds an amino acid protein together

31
Q

Why is water a polar molecule?

A

Because of it’s shape, one side is negatively charged, and the other side is positively charged

32
Q

What is an exchange reaction?

A

When atoms are exchanged between two molecules AB + C -> A + BC

33
Q

What is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

A

Transfer of electrons between to molecules

34
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A catalyst

35
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A solution that resists pH change. Typically a weak acid or alkali with a salt

36
Q

What is a lipid?

A

A fatty acid

37
Q

What is the order of amino acids? KNOW THIS!

A
  1. just amino acid
  2. hydrogen bonds, form alpha helix and beta sheet
  3. remainder of molecule
  4. number of polypeptide chains
38
Q

What results when a triglyceride is hydrolyzed?

A

glycerol and a fatty acid

39
Q

What kind of bonds are in unsaturated and saturated lipids?

A

Unsaturated: double bonds

Saturated: single bonds, filled with H

40
Q

What does making a lipid more polyunsaturated?

A

Lowers boiling poing

41
Q

What does hydrogenating do?

A

Adds H where double bonds were

42
Q

What does amphoteric mean?

A

A molecule that reacts as an acid or a base. Also has a hydrophillic and hydrophobic end. Usually metals are amphoteric

43
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Sugar coated lipids

44
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

C10H16N5O13P3

45
Q

Compare Purines and Pyrimidines

A

Purines__Pyrimidines

Adenine, guainine Cytosine, thymine, uracil

MP: 214 C MP: 22 C

46
Q

Define nucleic acids and what are the two types?

A

DNA RNA

Nucleotides of nitrogen, purine or pyrimidine, and sugar phosphate

47
Q

What is a salt?

A

An ionic compund that results from the neutralization of an acid and a base. Electrically neutral.

48
Q

What is the definition of a carbohydrate?

A

Sugars, starches, or celluloses.

Release energy in animals

49
Q

Why are lipids non-polar?

A

Their ends are not charged.

Not soluble in water.

50
Q

What is the difference between D- and L- amino acids?

A

L amino acids are manufactured in cells

D amino acids are in bacteria

51
Q

What is denaturation?

A

When nucleic acids lose their 2nd, 3rd, and 4th structures by application with a strong acid, base or salt

Microbiology (23 decks)

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