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Anatomy And Physiology > Cells and Organelles > Flashcards

Cells and Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

The bilateral of a cell membrane is a …… ?

A

Lipid

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2
Q

What is involved in signal transduction and transportation of substances to the cell?

A

Proteins

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contains network for support and organelles Cytoskeleton

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4
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

-rough

-smooth

no ribosomes

A

Made of flat sacs, canals, vesicles, involved in transportation of molecules within the cell and protein synthesis. Rough: covered by Ribosomes Smooth: no ribosomes, used for lipid synthesis

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5
Q

Ribosome

A

Attached to rough ER. Involved in protein synthesis Provides enzymes and support

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6
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Packages/delivers proteins made by ribosomes Exocytosis: when they leave the cell

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell Releases ATP Multi folded w/ enzymes

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8
Q

Lysosome

A

Enzyme filled sacs used for getting rid of or breaking down nutrients

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9
Q

Peroxisome

A

Houses enzymes for catalysis of biochemical rxns

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10
Q

Microtubules/microfilaments

A

Forms cytoskeleton Filaments are proteins bundled, tubules are bigger

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11
Q

Centrioles/centrosomes

A

Near Golgi body, no membrane, Transfer chromosomes during mitosis

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12
Q

Cilia/flagella

A

Cilia: short, ordered, precise movement

Flagella: long, random, singular

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13
Q

Vesicles

A

Vacuoles, used for transport of liquid or solids

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14
Q

Stores water and wastes, is very large in plant cells

A

Vacuoles

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15
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell that contains chromosomes made up of DNA

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16
Q

Nucleolus

A

Found in nucleus and makes ribosomes that migrate to the cytoplasm

made of RNA and protein, no membrane

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17
Q

Bacteria are an example of this type of cell

A

Prokaryotic

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18
Q

A cell with a nucleus and other organelles that can be seen

A

Eukaryotic

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19
Q

Cell membrane

A

Surrounds cellular contents Thin, flexible, Semi permeable Regulates movement of substances in/out of cell

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20
Q

Chromatin

A

Loosely coiled DNA and protein (chromosomes)

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21
Q

Passive mechanisms

A
  • do not require cellular energy
22
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of molecules from high to low pressure along a concentration gradient (the difference in concentrations).

23
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

when molecules need “help” getting across the lipid bilayer cell membrane.

ex. insulin

24
Q

Osmosis

A

when water moves from hi to lo concentration acouse a semipermeable membrane

water=solvent

and goes to areas where theres a need for more water molecules.

25
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Pressure due to osmosis

26
Q

3 types of osmotic pressure

A
  1. Isotonic
  2. Hypertonic
  3. Hypotonic
27
Q

Isotonic

A

same pressure as body fluids inside and out.

28
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher pressure than body fluids due to lack of water outside of cell

(lots of solute outside cell, water will want to leave the cell to dilute the extracellular surroundings and cell will shrink)

29
Q

Hypotonic

A

lower pressure than body fluids due to increased amounts of water molecules outside the cell.

(water will want to move in to the cell to dilute it , making the cell swell and break)

30
Q

Filtration

A

forcing the movement of molecules.

31
Q

Edema

A

when too much fluid is left in body tissues, this creates swelling

32
Q

Active mechanisms

A
  • mechanisms that require energy.
  • ATP

movement of molecules from low to high pressure

(this is how transport differs from facilitated diffusion)

Ex. sodium and potassium pumps in the body. they require specific shaped protein to move it against the concentration gradient.

33
Q

Endocytosis

A

Vesicles carry the molecule in to the cell

  1. Pinocytosis- taking in small liquids and vesicle wall disintegrates
  2. Phagocytosis- taking in solids via a vesicle, then lysosomes disolve the vesicle wall.
  3. receptor mediated endocytosis- specifically shaped proteins take in specific molecules (ligands)
34
Q

Exocytosis

A

vesicles surround certain molecules, like hormones, and carry it to the cell membrane, where it is released outside of the cell.

35
Q

The Cell Cycle

A

36
Q

Part one of the cell cycle: Interphase

A

cell obtains nutrients, duplicates organelles and membranes,

DNA duplicates so two new cells can each have genetic instructions

G1-cell growth

S-Genetic material replicates

G2- more growth

37
Q

Part Two of the Cell Cycle: Mitosis (PMAT)

A

Mitosis-produces division of the nucleus and its contents

38
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense

Easily visible

Centrioles move to outer edge,

Spindle fibers form

Nuclear envelope dissapears

39
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes ine up along centrioles

(the chromosomes are lined up in the middle)

40
Q

Anaphase

A

centromeres are pulled apart and individual chromosomes move in opposite directions.

41
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes become chromatin

Nuclear envelope reforms around new nuclei

spindle fibers disassociate

42
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division and “pinching’ off” pf the cytoplasm after nuclear division

begins in anaphase

New cell has ——–> same # of organelles

———> same copy of nucleus

43
Q

Cell Differentiation

A

when cells specialize during development in order to perform different fxns

specific DNA is either repressed or expressed in each cell dpepending on need.

44
Q

Unspecialized cell

A

Stem Cell

45
Q

Cell death- Apoptosis

A

happens when time comes for cell to die. disintegrate

46
Q

carrier protein

A

used to transport specific substances in and out of a cell.

47
Q

Use of proteins

A
  1. inner: provide support
  2. outer (external): mark the cell, indentify or stick it to other cells
48
Q

Signal transduction

A

molecules in the cell membrane send signals from out of the cell to the inside

49
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

Energy used in active mechanisms

50
Q
A

Anatomy And Physiology (21 decks)

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