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Biology I > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Light Microscope (LM)

A

An optical instrument with lenses that refract visible light to magnify images

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2
Q

Cell Theory

A

the theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells

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3
Q

Electron Microscope (EM)

A

a microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron bean through or onto the surface of a specimen. an electron microscope achieves 100 times greater resolution than a light microscope.

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4
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

A

a microscope that uses an electron beam to study the surface details of a cell or other specimens.

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5
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A

a microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens

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6
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules into and out of the cell, consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

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7
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea

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8
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

a type of cell that has a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. all organisms except bacteria and archaea are composed of eukaryotic cells

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9
Q

Cytosol

A

the semi fluid portion of the cytoplasm

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

a gene carrying structure found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; also the main gene carrying structure of a prokaryotic cell. a chromosome consists of 1 very long DNA molecule and associated proteins

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11
Q

Ribosome

A

a cell structure consisting of RNA and protein organized onto two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. in eukaryotic cells the ribosomal subunits are constructed in the nucleolus

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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the contents of a eukaryotic cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; consists of a semifluid medium and organelles ; can also refer to the interior of a prokaryotic cell

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13
Q

Nucleoid

A

a non membrane bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated

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14
Q

Flagella

A

long cellular appendages specialized for locomotion. the flagella of eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ both in structure and function.

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15
Q

Cellular Metabolism

A

all the chemical activities of a cell

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16
Q

Nucleus

A
  1. ) an atoms central core containing protons and neutrons
  2. ) the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made of chromatin.
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17
Q

Chromatin

A

The complex DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.

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18
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

a double membrane that encloses the nucleus perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm

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19
Q

Nucleolus

A

a structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits

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20
Q

Endomembrane System

A

a network of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles

21
Q

Vesicles

A

a sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

22
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

an extensive membranous network in a eukaryotic cell continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions

23
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

the portion of the ER that lacks ribosomes

24
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

portion of the ER with ribosomes attached that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins

25
Q

Glycoprotein

A

a protein with one or more short chains of sugars attached to it

26
Q

Transport Vesicle

A

a small membranous sac in eukaryotic cells cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell. the vesicle buds from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi and eventually fuses with another organelle or the plasma membrane, releasing its contents

27
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum

28
Q

Lysosome

A

a digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells; contins hydrolytic enzymes that digest engulfed food or damaged organelles

29
Q

Vacuole

A

a membrane enclosed sac that is part of the Endomembrane system of a eukaryotic cell and has diverse functions in different kinds of cells

30
Q

Central Vacuole

A

in a plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth and the storage of chemicals and wasted

31
Q

Peroxisomes

A

an organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen, producing and them degrading hydrogen peroxide

32
Q

Mitochondria

A

organelles in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. enclosed by two membranes, it is where most of the cell ATP is made

33
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

the compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle

34
Q

Chloroplasts

A

an organelle found in plants algae that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds (sugars) from carbon dioxide and water

35
Q

Stroma

A

the dense fluid within the chloroplast that surrounds the thylakoid membrane and is involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. Sugars are made in the stroma by the enzymes of the Calvin cycle

36
Q

Thylakoids

A

a flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast. thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll and the molecular complexes of the light reactions of photosynthesis. a sac of thylakoids is called a granum.

37
Q

Granum

A

a stack of membrane bound thylakoids in a chloroplast. the sites where light energy is trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis

38
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A

the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell . the engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism

39
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

a network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell; includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

40
Q

Microtubules

A

the thickest of the three main fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell; a hollow tube made of globular proteins called tubulins; found in cilia and flagella

41
Q

Centrosome

A

a structure found in animal cells from which microtubules originate and that is important during cell division. a centrosome has two centrioles

42
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

an intermediate sized protein fiber that is one of the 3 main kinds of fibers making up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. intermediate filaments are rope like made of fibrous proteins.

43
Q

Microfilaments

A

the thinnest of the three main kinds of protein fibers making up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell. a solis helical rod composed of the globular protein actin

44
Q

Cilia

A

short cellular appendages specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two singular microtubules covered by the cells plasma membrane

45
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

the meshwork surrounding animal cells: consists of glycoproteins and polysaccharides synthesized and secreted by cells

46
Q

Integrin

A

a transmembrane protein that interconnects the extracellular matrix and they cytoskeleton in animal cells

47
Q

Cell Wall

A

a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists, protects the cell and helps maintain its shape.

48
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

open channels in a plant cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

Biology I (7 decks)

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