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Chemistry AS > Module 1 - F322 > Flashcards

Module 1 - F322 Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only.

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2
Q

Saturated hydrocarbon

A

A saturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with single bonds only.

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3
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

An unsaturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon containing carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds.

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4
Q

Aliphatic hydrocarbon

A

An aliphatic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains.

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5
Q

Alicyclic hydrocarbon

A

An alicyclic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure.

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6
Q

Functional group

A

A functional group is the part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions.

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7
Q

Homologous series

A

A homologous series is a series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

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8
Q

Alkanes

A

Alkanes are the homologous series with the general formula: CnH2n+2

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9
Q

Nomenclature

A

Nomenclature is a system of naming compounds.

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10
Q

Alkyl group

A

An alkyl group is an alkane with a hydrogen atom removed, any alkyl group is often shown as R.

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11
Q

General formula

A

A general formula is the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series.

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12
Q

Displayed formula

A

A displayed formula shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.

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13
Q

Structural formula

A

Structural formula shows the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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14
Q

Skeletal formula

A

A skeletal formula is a simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.

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15
Q

Structural isomers

A

Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements of atoms.

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16
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Stereoisomers are compounds with the same structural formula, but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space.

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17
Q

E/Z isomerism

A

E/Z isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C double bond.

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18
Q

Cis-trans isomerism

A

Cis-trans isomerism is a special type of E/Z isomerism in which there is a non- hydrogen group and hydrogen on each C of C double bond: the cis isomer has the H atoms on each carbon on the same side; the trans isomer has the H atoms on each carbon on different sides.

19
Q

Homolytic Fission

A

Homolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals. The two species are of the same type: homo = same

20
Q

Radical

A

A radical is a species with an unpaired electron. A single dot is often written next to the species to represent the unpaired electron.

21
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

Heterolytic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming a cation and an anion. The two species are different: Hetero= different.

22
Q

Nucleophile

A

A nucleophile is an atom that is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

23
Q

Electrophile

A

An electrophile is an atom that is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

24
Q

Addition reaction

A

An addition reaction is a reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule.

25
Q

Substitution reaction

A

A substitution reaction is a reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms.

26
Q

Elimination reaction

A

An elimination reaction refers to the removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule.

27
Q

Fractional distillation

A

Fractional distillation is the separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling point by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column.

28
Q

Cracking

A

Cracking refers to the breaking down of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter-chained alkanes and alkenes.

29
Q

Catalyst

A

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process.

30
Q

Radical substitution

A

Radical substitution is a type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms.

31
Q

Mechanism

A

Mechanism is a sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction.

32
Q

Initiation

A

Initiation is the first step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals are generated by ultraviolet radiation.

33
Q

Termination

A

Termination is the step at the end of a radial substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule.

34
Q

Pi-bond

A

A pi-bond is the reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p-orbitals.

35
Q

Electrophilic addition

A

Electrophilic addition is a type of addition reaction in which an electrophile is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

36
Q

Carbocation

A

Carbocation is an organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge

37
Q

Curly arrow

A

A curly arrow is a symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair in the breaking or formation of a covalent bond.

38
Q

Polymer

A

A polymer is a long molecular chain built up from monomer units.

39
Q

Monomer

A

A monomer is a small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer.

40
Q

Addition polymerisation

A

Addition polymerization is the process in which unsaturated alkene molecules add on to a growing polymer chain one at a time, to form a very long saturated molecular chain.

41
Q

Addition polymer

A

An addition polymer is a very long molecular chain, formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules.

42
Q

Repeat Unit

A

A repeat unit is a specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again. Repeat units are included in brackets, outside of which is the symbol n.

43
Q

Biodegradable material

A

Biodegradable material is a material that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms.

Chemistry AS (7 decks)

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