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FD SC 406 > Quiz Three > Flashcards

Quiz Three Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ileostomy?

A

An ileostomy is an artificial opening in the ileum

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2
Q

What is the main function of the colon?

A

The main function of the colon is to reabsorb electrolytes and water

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3
Q

Where does the most absorption occur in the colon?

A

The most absorption occurs in the transcending and ascending colon while the descending region is mainly used for storage

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4
Q

Are there digestive enzymes in the colon?

A

No there are not any digestive enzymes in the colon - there are a multitude of microflora (about 1000 million)

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5
Q

Why is fiber so important?

A

Fiber is important for microbial fermentation that occurs in the colon. The microbes make short chain fatty acids such as acetic and butyric acid (acts as a differentiation signal) and makes energy for the colonocytes

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6
Q

What is a colostomy?

A

A colostomy is the surgical process in which the colon is removed

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7
Q

Where is the pancreas located? What are its functions?

A

The pancreas is located near the duodenum. Its functions are to secrete digestive enzymes and make insulin/glucagon

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8
Q

Which cells make the digestive enzymes in the pancreas?

A

The pancreatic acini make the digestive enzymes

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9
Q

Which cells make the endocrine enzymes in the pancreas?

A

The Islets of Langerhans make the endocrine enzymes

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10
Q

What do the alpha cells produce? When are they activated?

A

The alpha cells produce glucagon and they are activated when the blood sugar is low

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11
Q

What do the beta cells produce? When are they activated?

A

The beta cells produce insulin and they are activated when the blood sugar is high

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12
Q

What is our main source of carbohydrates?

A

Most of our carbohydrates come from plant material

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13
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

The functions of carbohydrates are for glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, act as epiramases/isomerases, and for energy storage

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14
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta linkages?

A

The difference between alpha and beta linkages in carbohydrates is at an alpha linkage the anomeric carbon has the oh situated below it while a beta linkage has it situated above it

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15
Q

What is the difference between L and D isomers?

A

A D configuration is naturally occurring while an L configuration is much rarer and only occurs artificially

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16
Q

What are three disaccharides important for the body?

A

Three disaccharides important for the body are lactose, maltose, and sucrose

17
Q

In a polysaccharide, when are the linkages and when are the branch points?

A

The 1,4 linkages connect monosaccharides together while the 1,6 linkages are branch points

18
Q

What are the functions of polysaccharides?

A

The functions of polysaccharides are for structure and storage

19
Q

Describe the composition of starch.

A

Starch is made up of amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is a straight chain of glucose while amylopectin contains branching - both are alpha linked. It is stored as granules - less crystallization quicker breakdown. The more amylose the slower the breakdown

20
Q

Why is it easier to break down amylopectin versus amylose?

A

Amylopectin is branched making amylase to have more points where breakdown can occur

21
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Glycogen is the animal storage unit for polysaccharides

22
Q

What are the four kinds of resistant starch?

A

The four kinds of resistant starch are digestible but inaccessible, naturally occurring (semi-crystalline), formed during retrogradation, and processed. The slower the breakdown the slower the blood sugar increase (good for colonic health)

23
Q

What are the two types of fiber?

A

The two types of fiber are soluble and insoluble. Soluble fiber consists of pectin and gums while insoluble fiber consists of cellulose and hemicellulose

24
Q

Compare and contrast cellulose and hemicellulose.

A

Cellulose and hemicellulose are the two kinds of insoluble fiber. They both have beta linkages so they cannot be broken down in the human body. Cellulose is a linear glucose homopolymer while hemicellulose is a heteropolymer consisting of hexoses and pentoses (indigestible but fermentable)

25
Q

What are the advantages of fiber?

A

Fiber binds metals and cholesterol and affects internal viscosity - it keeps the digestion system moving/regular

26
Q

What is lactose intolerance?

A

Lactose intolerance occurs when a person lacks the enzyme required to break down lactose - this allows the microflora in the large intestine to ferment it causing gas and abdominal pain

27
Q

When is lactase activity the greatest?

A

Lactase activity is the greatest during infancy

28
Q

Why can’t legumes be properly digested?

A

Legumes have a beta linkage between raffinose and stachyose

29
Q

What is the sodium dependent glucose transporter?

A

The sodium dependent glucose transporter is the transporter that allows glucose, galactose, and fructose to be absorbed into the portal vein

30
Q

Describe the affinities different cells have for glucose.

A

Brain cells have the highest affinity for glucose because it needs so much energy. Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and adipose tissue have a lower affinity for glucose

31
Q

What is GLUT-4?

A

GLUT-4 is the insulin sensitive transporter that is found in the vacuoles of the cell as blood sugar levels increase the amount of insulin increases which means GLUT-4 leaves the vacuoles to the plasma membrane to absorb some glucose

32
Q

Define the glycemic response, the glycemic load and the glycemic index.

A

The glycemic response is the area under the curve. The glycemic load is the amount of digestible carbs per serving and the glycemic index. The glycemic index is the standard area

33
Q

Why do people like sugar?

A

People like sugar because of the ancestry - hunter gatherers used sweetness as a sign they were ingesting energy

34
Q

What are the factors that caused the increase in the use of high fructose corn syrup over table sugar?

A

High fructose corn syrup is sweeter, cheaper, a stabilizer, and has a longer shelf life than table sugar

35
Q

What is the main source of added sugars in the diet?

A

The main source of added sugars in the diet are sweetened beverages

36
Q

Why is too much fructose bad for the body?

A

A lot of fructose is bad for the body because it is absorbed into the blood using passive transport (less energy) and is hard to remove from the liver causing scarring - it is also unregulated when metabolized and doesn’t turn off the hunger hormone

FD SC 406 (7 decks)

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