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FD SC 406 > Quiz Six > Flashcards

Quiz Six Flashcards

1
Q

What are the goals of dietary reference intakes?

A

The goals of creating dietary reference intakes are to prevent disease, avoid consuming too much, and optimizing health

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2
Q

Who creates the dietary reference intakes?

A

The institute of medicine and food and nutrition board creates the dietary reference intakes

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3
Q

What is an EAR?

A

An EAR is the estimated average requirement. It is the average daily nutrient intake level that is estimated to meet the requirements of half of the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group

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4
Q

What is an RDA?

A

An RDA is the recommended dietary allowance. It is the average daily dietary nutrient intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group

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5
Q

What is an AI?

A

An AI is an adequate intake. It is the commended average daily intake level based on observed or experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate when an RDA cannot be determined

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6
Q

What is a UL?

A

A UL is a tolerable upper intake level. It is the highest average daily nutrient intake level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population

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7
Q

What are the lipid soluble vitamins?

A

The lipid soluble vitamins are vitamins A,D,E, and K

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8
Q

What are some general characteristics of the fat soluble vitamins?

A

Some general characteristics are they are stored and transported in fat, can be dissolved in fat, needed in a small amount, deficiencies take a long time to develop, efficient absorption, possible excess toxic intake

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9
Q

What are some sources of vitamin A?

A

Some sources of vitamin A are liver, fish, carrot juice, cheese, sweet potatoes, and squash

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10
Q

Compare and contrast provitamin A and preformed vitamin A. Give examples of each.

A

Provitamin A are compounds that can be converted to vitamin A after ingestion. One example is carotenoids such as beta carotene and beta cryptoxanthin. Preformed vitamin A is already in the form of vitamin A. Some examples are retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid.

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11
Q

What are some non provitamin A carotenoids?

A

Some non provitamin A carotenoids are lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin

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12
Q

What is all trans retinol?

A

Retinol is the parent molecule of the vitamin A family. It has a beta ionone ring, a conjugated methyl substituted polyene side chain and a terminal alcohol functional group. It is soluble in organic solids and fat but not in aqueous media. It is readily esterified and the conjugated double bonds confer a unique. absorption spectrum. It is not in its active form - circulates around the blood

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13
Q

What are the two active forms of vitamin A?

A

The two active forms of vitamin A are retinoic acid and retinal

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14
Q

What is the retinol binding protein?

A

The retinol binding protein transports retinol throughout the blood

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15
Q

What is the function of vitamin A?

A

The function of vitamin A is to protect our eyes - night blindness

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16
Q

What is LRAT?

A

LRAT is the enzyme involved in the reversible reaction of retinol to retinol ester to be packaged into a chylomicron

17
Q

What is REH?

A

REH is the enzyme involved in the reversible reaction of retinol ester to retinol

18
Q

Which version of vitamin A is involved in vision? What is its function?

A

11-cis-retinal is the primary version of vitamin A involved in vision health. It is a chromophore for visual pigments. It covalently binds with the protein, opsin, to make a photo inducer

19
Q

What is responsible for cell differentiation for the cornea?

A

Retinoic acid is responsible for cell differentiation around the cornea

20
Q

What is the retinol activity equivalent?

A

The retinol activity equivalent is used as the RDA for vitamin A. It separates where you get it from (two standard deviations +/- from estimated average requirement

21
Q

Do you need an increase in vitamin A during pregnancy or lactation?

A

Yes, you should increase the amount of vitamin A consumed when either pregnant or lactating

22
Q

What is the leading cause of preventable blindness in the world?

A

Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable blindness in the world. Without vitamin A people contract night blindness and bitot spots

23
Q

What type of hormone is vitamin D?

A

Vitamin D is a sterol hormone.

24
Q

What is the natural form of vitamin D? Where is it commonly found?

A

The natural form of vitamin D is cholecalciferol. There are not that many natural sources but it is found in mushrooms

25
Q

What is Rickets?

A

Rickets is a vitamin D deficiency that was very prevalent during the industrial revolution. It caused bone softening, brittle bones, and osteoporosis. It results in an unregulated release of the parathyroid hormone.

26
Q

What is the importance of vitamin D?

A

Vitamin D helps increase calcium absorption/metabolism and phosphate metabolism

27
Q

What is the primary circulatory form of vitamin D?

A

The primary circulatory form of vitamin D is hydroxylated at the 25th carbon

28
Q

Where is vitamin D activated? How is it triggered to activate?

A

Vitamin D is activated in the kidneys. Parathyroid hormones or low levels of calcium or phosphorous tell the kidneys to activate

29
Q

What carries vitamin D around the body?

A

Vitamin D is transported throughout the body using the vitamin D binding protein

30
Q

Do you need more vitamin D during pregnancy or lactation?

A

Extra vitamin D is not needed during pregnancy or lactation. It is highly regulated and not really present in breast milk

31
Q

Where is vitamin E found?

A

Vitamin E is found in phospholipid membranes, adipose tissue, and lipoproteins

32
Q

What is the main function of vitamin E?

A

The main function of vitamin E is to prevent fatty acid oxidation

33
Q

How does oxidative stress occur?

A

Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between oxygen and nitrogen species

34
Q

What are some external and internal sources of oxidative stress?

A

Internal: metabolic pathways, disease, and stress
External: drugs, toxicants, radiation, UV light

35
Q

Is there a difference between vitamin E requirements for men and women? Is there a recommended increase of intake during pregnancy and lactation?

A

There is no difference between the recommended value for men and women but there is a recommended increase during pregnancy and lactation

36
Q

What is the main source of vitamin E?

A

The main source of vitamin E are plant oils

FD SC 406 (7 decks)

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