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Immunology > Cells and Organs of Immune System > Flashcards

Cells and Organs of Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Basophils

A
  • innate immunity
  • granules stain dark blue, are toxic and used to destroy pathogens during phagocytosis
  • important for defense against parasites, and possibly allergic and inflammatory reactions
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2
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • innate immunity
  • granules stain bright red, contain toxic substances that destroy pathogens
  • important for defense against parasites, and possible allergic reactions
  • respond to chemokines released by neutrophils or lymphocytes
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3
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • innate immunity
  • most numerous WBC
  • stain neutral pink, have band-shaped nucleus that becomes segmented
  • circulates blood stream looking for foreign objects
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4
Q

Mast Cells

A
  • innate immunity
  • generated in the bone marrow
  • parasitic infections and allergic reactions
  • connective tissue and mucosal mast cells
  • similar to basophilic leukocytes
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5
Q

Monoctyes/Macrophages

A
  • innate immunity
  • monocytes circulate the bloodstream an enter tissues to replenish macrophages
  • macrophages ingest and degrade bacteria
  • macrophages can present antigens to lymphocytes and recycle dead cells
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6
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A
  • innate and adaptive immunity
  • recognize and kill abnormal cells
  • contains granules filled with proteins that can form holes in affected cells
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7
Q

Dendritic Cells

A
  • bone-marrow derived, but undergo maturation in bone marrow, lymphoid, or non-lymphoid tissues
  • capture, process, and present antigens to T cells
  • upon exposure, travel to secondary lymphoid organs
  • Plasmacytoid dendritic cells can secrete type 1 interferons
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8
Q

B Lymphocytes

A
  • adaptive immunity (humoral)
  • mature in bone marrow (bursa of fabricius)
  • activated when bind antigens to BCRs
  • generate antibodies to specific antigens
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9
Q

What is neutralization?

A

the pathogen is covered in antibodies, and cannot further infect host cells

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10
Q

What is opsonization?

A

an antibody-bound pathogen serves to alert immune cells (neutrophils and macrophages) to engulf and digest the pathogen

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11
Q

T Lymphocytes

A
  • adaptive immunity (cellular)
  • derived from bone marrow, mature in thymus
  • divided in CD8+ and CD4+ T cells
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12
Q

CD8+ T Cells

A
  • cytotoxic T cells/lymphocytes
  • recognize and kill infected or cancerous cells
  • contain cytotoxic granules, that have cytotoxins to kill target cells
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13
Q

Th 1 Cells

A
  • helper T cell, CD4+
  • immune responses against intracellular pathogens
  • produce and secrete molecules that alert and activate other immune cells
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14
Q

Th 2 Cells

A
  • helper T cell, CD4+
  • immune responses against extracellular pathogens
  • alert B cells, granulocytes, and mast cells
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15
Q

Th 17 Cells

A
  • helper T cells, CD4+
  • produce interleukin 17, that activates immune and non-immune cells
  • protects surfaces against extracellular bacteria
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16
Q

Treg Cells

A
  • regulatory T cell

- monitor and inhibit the activity of other T cells

17
Q

Where are lymphoid cells first produced?

Where are they produced in older fetuses and adults?

A

first produced in the yolk sac, fetal omentum, and liver

later produced mainly in bone marrow

18
Q

What are Primary Lymphoid Organs?

A
  • organs that regulate the development of lymphocytes

- bone marrow, thymus, Bursa of Fabricius

19
Q

Describe the Thymus

A
  • large in newborns, undergoes involution
  • consists of lobules covered by CT
  • cortex of each lobule contains thymocytes
  • medulla contains a few lymphocyte
  • no lymphatic vessels leave the thymus
20
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A
  • maturation of T lymphoctyes
  • those that bind to self-antigens or cannot bind MHC II molecules are destroyed
  • those that are good mature and travel to secondary organs
  • maturation regulates by cytokines and thymic hormones
21
Q

Describe the Bursa of Fabricius

A
  • found only in birds
  • undergoes involution
  • epithelium makes folds that extend into sac, called follicles
  • cortex of each follicle contains lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages
22
Q

Describe Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A
  • develop late in fetal life, persist in adult life
  • enlarge in response to antigenic stimulation
  • contain dendritic cells that trap and process antigens, then present them to lymphocytes
23
Q

Describe Lymph Nodes

A
  • encapsulated secondary lymphoid organ
  • B lymphocytes found in cortex, surrounded by capsules
  • T cells and DCs found in paracortex
  • different types of cells found in medulla
24
Q

What is the function of Lymph Nodes?

A
  • act as filters of lymph to trap antigens

- facilitates interaction between dendritic cells and antigen sensitive T and B lymphocytes, to mount immune response

25
Q

What is the flow of lymph through the lymph node?

A
  • afferent lymph flows into the node carrying antigens, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells
  • lymph enters the subscapular sinus, then percolates through the node to the medullary sinus
  • lymph exits through the efferent vessel
26
Q

Describe the Spleen and its functions

A
  • large encapsulated secondary lymphoid organ
  • structured by network of CT trabeculae
  • red pulp: filters blood and stores RBCs
  • white pulp: rich in lymphocytes, where immune induction occurs
27
Q

Describe Peyer’s Patches

A
  • non-encapsulated secondary lymphoid organs
  • in the wall of the small intestine (ileum)
  • contains densely packed lymphoid follicles containing only B lymphocytes
  • covered by epithelial layer containing M cells, which pass antigens to patch
  • undergoes involution with age
28
Q

Describe Innate Lymphoid Cells and their function

A
  • immune cells that do not express antigen specific receptors
  • secrete high concentrations of cytokines
  • localized to mucosal surfaces and respond to secreted molecules from epithelium
29
Q

Group 1 ILCs

A
  • under control of T-bet transcription factor, and include NK cells and ILC 1 cells
  • secrete cytokines in response to intracellular pathogens
30
Q

Group 2 ILCs

A
  • produce IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 in response to extracellular parasite infections
31
Q

Group 3 ILCs

A
  • include lymphoid tissue inducer cells and ILC 3 cells
  • includes cells that produce IL-17 and IL-22
  • LTi cells are required for the development of lymphoid tissues

Immunology (7 decks)

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