Innate Immunity

Question 1

What is the coagulative system?

Answer 1

• part of the humoral barrier
• activation leads to blood coagulation at the site of damage
• some molecules act as chemotactic factors
• platelets produce beta-lysine that has bactericidal effects

Question 2

What are PRRs?

Answer 2

• pattern recognition receptors

- innate immune system receptors that recognize molecule patterns produced by microorganisms

Question 3

What are PAMPs?

Answer 3

• pathogen associated molecular patterns

- repetitive patterns in molecules expressed by pathogens, and not found on host cells

Question 4

What are DAMPS?

Answer 4

• damage associated molecular patterns

- endogenous molecules released from damaged cells

Question 5

Toll-like Receptors

Answer 5

• signal the presence of invaders in innate immune response
• located on host cell membrane or inside the cell
• end point is production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 6

NOD-like Receptors

Answer 6

• nucleotide binding oligomerization domain
• inside the cells
• detect intracellular pathogens/bacteria
• lead to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and interferons

Question 7

RIG-like Receptors

Answer 7

• retinoic acid inducible gene
• expressed in the cytoplasm
• detect viral RNA
• induce production of anti-viral cytokines

Question 8

C-type Lectin Receptors

Answer 8

• bind to carbohydrates in a calcium-dependent manner

- involved in fungal recognition and modulation of innate immune response

Question 9

Peptidoglycan-Recognition Receptors

Answer 9

• located in large granules of neutrophils
• detect microbial peptidoglycan
• induce production of anti-microbial peptides (defensins)

Question 10

What is the Acute Phase Response?

Answer 10

• changes in serum proteins during infection
• acute phase protein concentrations decrease or increase during infection
• proteins are induced by signals from site of injury
• synthesis is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by phagocytes

Question 11

What is the function of lactoferin and transferin?

Answer 11

bind iron so bacteria cannot grow

Question 12

What is the function of lysozyme?

Answer 12

digest the bacterial cell wall

Question 13

What is the function of interferons?

Answer 13

to inhibit infection and replication of viruses

Question 14

What is the function of interleukin 1?

Answer 14

responsible for increase in temperature during inflammation and induces acute phase proteins