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chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

eriksons stages of early psychosocial development:

A

says that there are stages at each point in life that represents a crisis that must be resolved in that stage. it is a psychoanalytic theory
-the early stages are infancy and toddler

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2
Q

eriksons stages of early psychosocial development: basic trust vs mistrust (stage 1)

A
  • trust forms when parents meet the childs needs
  • mistrust forms when parents fail in some way to meet the childs needs
  • ideally in this stage forms hope
  • hope: according to erikson, an openness to new experience tempered by wariness that occurs when trust and mistrust are in balance
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3
Q

eriksons stages of early psychosocial development: autonomy vs shame and doubt (stage 2)

A
  • autonomy develops as children learn that they can control their actions, and seek independence
  • shame develops in response to failure
  • doubt exists when children are uncertain of their ability to handle demanding situations
  • will: the understanding that they can act on the world intentionally, which occurs when autonomy, shame and doubt are in balance
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4
Q

the growth of attachment: ethology (and how it relates to attachment)

A

a branch of biology that studies the adaptive behaviours that are characteristic of different species
-attachment as an adaptive behaviour is what keeps parents close and encourages them to care for the child into maturity

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5
Q

steps towards attachment: preattachment

A

birth to 6-8 weeks
-the baby is social towards adults, almost indiscriminately so (they arent really aware or care that they really only want to socialize with adults)

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6
Q

steps towards attachment: attachment in the making

A

6-8 weeks to 6-8 months

-this is when the baby is more direct in socializing with the primary caregiver rather than any adult

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7
Q

steps towards attachment: true attachment

A

6-8 months to 18 months

-baby shows trust now, and uses the primary caregiver as a source of reassurance

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8
Q

steps towards attachment: reciprocal relationships

A

18 months and on
-the baby starts understanding that the primary caregiver is someone with feelings and such, which affects the childs behaviour of the relationship

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9
Q

father-infant relationships

A
  • fathers spend less time on caretaking and more on play as compared to mothers
  • kids prefer dads for activities and moms for comfort
  • kids are partially responsive to fathers because they anticipate playful interactions
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10
Q

what is the strange situation

A

created by mary ainsworth, this is something that measures attachment behaviour in face of mild fear

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11
Q

what happens in a strange situation

A
  1. observer shows room to mom and infant
  2. infant explores the room for 3m, mom does nothing
  3. stranger comes in, does nothing for a minute, talks to baby for a minute, then approaches baby, mother quietly leaves
  4. stranger does not play with baby, but tries to comfort baby if necessary
  5. after 3m mom returns and consoles baby
  6. when baby is playing again mom leaves, saying “bye bye”
  7. stranger plays with and comforts baby
  8. after 3m mother returns and stranger leaves
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12
Q

strange situation: secure attachement

A

relationship where infants trust and depend on mothers

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13
Q

strange situation: avoidant attachment

A

relationship where infants turn away from mother when they are reunited following a brief separation

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14
Q

strange situation: resistant attachment

A

relationship in which after a brief separation infants want to be held but are difficult to console

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15
Q

strange situation: disorganized attachment

A

relationship in which infants dont seem to understand whats happening when they are separated and later reunited with their mothers

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16
Q

attachment Q-set

A
  • is another way to measure attachment
  • can also be used for young children
  • trained observers watch children and mothers interact at home, and rate the child on attachment-related behaviours
  • child is categorized as secure or insecure
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17
Q

consequence of secure attachment

A
  • they have higher-quality friendships with fewer conflicts

- more stable and higher-quality romantic relationships in adolescence

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18
Q

consequence of disorganized attachment

A

these kids are more likely to have behaviour problems involving: anxiety, agression, and anger

19
Q

what parents do that forms secure attachments

A

it is more likely if the parents respond quickly and sensitively to kids

  • if the parents are insensitive or inconsistent it is more likely that insecure attachemnts will be made
  • fussy kids are more likely to have insecure relationships (probs because being fussy makes it harder for parents to be sensitive, if they do remain sensitive though, secure attachment is still likely)
20
Q

attachment: internal working model

A

this is the infants understanding of how responsive and dependable the caregiver is; thought to influence close relationships throughout the childs life
( a good internal working model is more likely if parents are sensitive, responsive and affectionate)

21
Q

basic emotions:

A

emotions that are felt by everyone, they consist of three elements: a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behaviour

22
Q

basic emotions: lewis

A

he suggested that newborns experience 2 general emotions :pleasure and distress (other emotions develop gradually)

23
Q

development of basic emotions: joy

A

developed at about 2-3m

-they show social smiles, which is when they smile when they see a human face

24
Q

development of basic emotions: anger

A

developed at 4-6m

25
Q

development of basic emotions: fear

A

developed at about 6m
-they show stranger wariness: the first distinct signs of fear, when they are wary about an unfamiliar face. the wariness is influenced by the child’s familiarity with the environment, and the strangers behaviour

26
Q

emergence of complex emotions

A

complex or self conscious emotions, contain a self-evaluative component

  • these depend on an understanding of self, which typically occurs at 15-18m
  • the actual complex emotions emerge at about 18-24m
  • these include pride, guilt, and embarrassment
27
Q

the cultural differences in emotional expression

A
  • european american babies express emotions more overtly than chinese babies
  • east asian babies are a lot less likely to express anger than north american babies
  • north american children show pride in personal achievement
  • asian kids are embarassed by displays of personal achievement, but are proud of group achievement
28
Q

recognizing others emotions: facial expression

A

by 4-6m infants distinguish among different facial expressions

  • they are especially attentive to negative emotions
  • they match their emotions to those around them
29
Q

recognizing others emotions: social referencing

A

behaviour in which infants in unfamiliar of ambiguous environments often look at their mother or father, as if searching for cues to help them interpret the situation

30
Q

what is regulating emotions

A

this is when we intentionally divert our attention to something else, or reappraise the meaning of an event, feeling, or thought to provoke less emotion.

31
Q

when do we start regulating emotions and how do we do it

A

about 4-6m

  • we look away from something upsetting
  • move closer to a parent when afraid
  • this all improves with age
32
Q

what is temperment

A

it is a consistent style or pattern of behaviour

33
Q

alexander thomas and stella chess

A

suggested that there are 9 dimensions to temperment, including activity and persistence
-it is now believed that they overestimated the number of distinct emotions

34
Q

temperment: mary k. Rothbart

A

suggested that there are 3 dimensions to temperment

  1. surgency/extroversion: how much a child os generally happy, active, and vocal, and regularly seeks interesting stimulation
  2. negative effect: how much the child is angry, fearful, frustrated, shy, and not easily soothed
  3. effortful control: when a kid can focus attention, is not easily distracted, and can inhibit responses
35
Q

hereditary and environmental contributions to temperment

A
  • identical twins are more temperamentally similar than fraternal twins
  • negative affect seems more influenced by heredity than other traits
  • positive emotionality seems to reflect environmental influences
  • cultural differences exist in degree of emotional expression and amount of negative emotion
36
Q

belsky et al.

A

suggested that the type of temperment that a child has may make the child more susceptible to environmental influences (good or bad)

37
Q

how stable is temperment

A

it is moderately stable throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence

38
Q

when does self awareness start to develop?

A

at about 15-18m we can recognize ourselves in a mirror

  • toddlers also look at pics of themselves rather than other people
  • refer to themselves by name, or other personal pronoun
  • they know their age and gender
39
Q

playing: parallel play

A

when kids play alone but are aware of and interested in what another kid is doing (this emerges soon after the 1st birthday)

40
Q

playing: simple social play

A

this is when toddlers play, and interact with other toddlers

-this begins at about 15-18m

41
Q

playing: cooperative play

A

this is when they play with a theme, so each kid would take a role (tea party, hide and seek, ect)

42
Q

helping: prosocial behaviour

A

any behaviour that helps another person

43
Q

helping: altruism

A

prosocial behaviour that does not benefit the person doing it

44
Q

when does altruism start

A

at about 18m

-you see kids comforting someone who is upset, or picking up something that someone else dropped

family development (13 decks)

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