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family development > chapter 8: socioecinomical development in middle childhood > Flashcards

chapter 8: socioecinomical development in middle childhood Flashcards

1
Q

acculturation

A

the process that immigrant families undergo to participate in and accept the new culture of a dominant society

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2
Q

what happens to a kid when they find out that they are getting a sibling

A
  • are usually excited and distressed
    • they enjoy playing with the baby, and caring for the baby
    • they have withdrawl and regression because of less attention being placed on them
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3
Q

how do younger siblings relate to older siblings

A
  • as they age they are more likely to talk to older siblings than parents
  • they learn games and tasks from older siblings
  • they are more likely to be popular and get good grades if their older siblings do
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4
Q

factors that affect sibling relationships

A 
sex
age
how parents treat children
how parents treat each other 
(if kids get along in childhood they usually will as adults)
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5
Q

in which ways are adopted kids more like their biological parents

A

temperment
mother-infant attachment
self-esteem
cognitive development

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6
Q

problems that adopted children are more prone to

A

problems adjusting to school

conduct dissorders

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7
Q

differences in the ways that parents treat first born children

A
  • they have higher expectations
  • they are more affectionare
  • the are more punitive
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8
Q

differences in first born children compared to other siblings

A
  • they have higher IQ scores
  • are more likely to do post-secondary education
  • are more willing to comply with parents’ and other adults’ request
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9
Q

differences in the ways that parents treat later-born children

A
  • they have more realistic expectations

- are mroe relaxed in discipline

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10
Q

differences in later born children in comparison to other siblings

A
  • less concerned with pleasing adults
  • more popular with peers
  • are more innovative
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11
Q

differences in only children

A

more sucess in school

-higher levels of: intelligence, leadership, autonomy, maturity

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12
Q

children of divorce have more problems with:

A 
school achievement
conduct
adjustment
self-concept
parent-child relationships
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13
Q

after childhood, kids of divorce are more likely to:

A
  • become teenage parents
  • get divorced
  • have lower life satisfaction
  • become depressed
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14
Q

aspects of divorce that influence development

A
  • loss of a role model, source of parental help, and emotional support, and supervisor
  • economic hardship (this may increase stress and affect parental behaviour)
  • parental conflict (distresses the kids)
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15
Q

factors in kids that make divorce harder on them

A
  • if they are in childhood or adolescence (as opposed to preschool, or post secondary years)
  • if they are more emotional
  • if they interpret events negatively
  • if they dont actively cope with problems brought on by divorce
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16
Q

children of divorce fare better when parents:

A
  • explain why they are getting a divorce
  • tell the kids what to expect
  • let the kid know that they are loved
  • remain involved with the kid
  • dont criticize each other to the kids
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17
Q

blended family :

A

when there is a biological parent, a step parent, and children

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18
Q

when is it more difficult to adjust to a blended family

A
  • if the kid is in adolescents
  • if the kid is a girl
  • when there are also step siblings
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19
Q

things that make adjusting to blended family easier

A
  • if the stepfather is interested in the stepchildren, but doesnt intrude on their relationship with their mother
  • mother doesnt let being with new spouce take away from her affection or time that she spends with her kids
  • if everyone has realistic expectations
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20
Q

elements of friendship in: younger children, older elementary school, adolescence

A

younger children: mutually liking and playing together
older elementary school children: mutual liking and playing together, trust and assistance
adolescence: mutually liking and playing together, trust and assistance, and intimacy

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21
Q

friends are usually similar in:

A

age
gender
race
attitude towards school, recreation, drug use, plans for the future

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22
Q

what are the two types of people that have same sex friends?

A

really popular and socially skilled kids, who have both genders of friends
-and really unpopular people who are rejected by other same sex peers

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23
Q

what happens when kids have better friends?

A
  • they have higher self-esteem
  • less likely to become lonely and depressed
  • act prosocially
  • cope better with life stresses
  • less likely to be bullied
  • greater self worth as young adults
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24
Q

co-rumination

A

it is when friends discuss each others personal problems

  • it is more common in girls
  • strengthens relationships
  • increases risk of depression and anxiety
25
Q

when are there hazards in peoples friendships

A
  • when agressive kids are friends (they encourage one anothers aggressive behaviour)
  • kids that do risky things may encourage other kids to do the same
26
Q

clique

A

small group of friends that are similar in age, sex, and race

27
Q

crowd

A

large group with many cliques that have similar attitudes or values

  • usually seen in older kids, and adolescents
  • people in higher status crowds have higher self-esteem
28
Q

what influences a child’s crowd membership?

A
  • interests
  • abilities
  • parenting styles
29
Q

dominance hierarchy

A

the order of individuals within a group in which group members with lower status defer to those with greater status

30
Q

what determines your position in your group

A
  • in younger boys it is physical power

- in older girls and boys it is the individual traits that relate to the groups function

31
Q

in what situations is peer pressure most powerful?

A
  • when the kid is younger and more socially anxious
  • if the peers have a higher status
  • if the peers are friends
  • if the standards for appropriate behaviour are not clear
32
Q

popular kid

A

somone who is liked by many

33
Q

rejected kid

A

someone who is disliked by many

34
Q

controversial kids

A

kids that are either both liked and disliked by many

35
Q

average kids

A

kids that are not liked or disliked enough to be popular, rejected, or controversial

36
Q

neglected kids

A

kids that are just basically ignored

37
Q

2 subtypes of popular kids

A
  • academically and socially skilled kids who are friendly, cooperative, and good at communication
  • aggressive kids (physically aggressive for boys, and relationally aggressive for girls)
38
Q

2 subtypes of rejected kids

A
  • kids that are overly agressive, hyperactive, socially unskilled, and unable to regulate their emotions
  • kids that are shy, withdrawn, timid, and lonely
39
Q

causes of being a rejected kid

A
  • parents that are combative, and deal with interpersonal conflict using aggression and intimidation
  • if there is an intervention that teaches the kid better social skills it can decrease the risk of rejection
40
Q

rejected kids are more likely to:

A

drop out of school

  • commit juvenile offences
  • suffer from psychopathy
41
Q

2 key elements that make up bullying

A
  • agressive behaviour from a position of power

- repetition of behaviour over time

42
Q

instrumental agression

A

aggression used to achieve an explicit goal

43
Q

hostile agression

A

basically, aggression done with the sole purpose of intimidating, harassing, or humiliating the other person

44
Q

relational agression

A

aggression in which children try to hurt others by undermining their social relationships

45
Q

kids that are more aggressive are more likely to:

A
  • drop out or fail
  • be unemployed
  • always show aggressive behaviour
46
Q

kids are more likely to be victim of bullying if:

A
  • agressive themselves, and are easily baited

- when they are withdrawn and submissive, and cant defend themselves

47
Q

kids that are victims of bullying can be helped by:

A
  • teaching them to not respend to the bullying
  • increase their self-esteem
  • help them create friendships with peers
48
Q

kids that are chronic victims of aggression are more likely to:

A
  • be lonely, anxious or depressed
  • dislike schoo;
  • have low self esteem
  • be really lonely even many years after the bullying is over
49
Q

two common misconceptions about tv

A
  • short segments mean less attention span

- ready-made stories lead to less creativity

50
Q

describing others in: early school age, later in middle childhood, and adolescence

A

early school age: concrete characteristics such appearance and possessions
later in middle childhood: concrete characteristics and psychological traits
adolescence: integrating psychological traits into a cohesive description

51
Q

what are selman’s stages of perspective-taking: undifferentiated

A

3-6yr

-kids know that self and others have different thought, but often confuse the two

52
Q

selman’s stages of perspective-taking: social-informational

A

4-9yr

kids know that perspectives change because people have access to different info

53
Q

selman’s stages of perspective-taking: self reflective

A

7-12 yrs

kids can put themselves in others’ shoes, and know that others can do the same

54
Q

selman’s stages of perspective-taking: third person

A

10-15 yrs

they can look outside the situation and see how they and the other person would be viewed by a third person

55
Q

selman’s stages of perspective-taking: societal

A

14yrs to adult

realize that the third person perspective is influenced by broader personal, social, and cultural contexts

56
Q

recursive thinking

A

reasoning in the manner of “he thinks that she thinks…”

-this emerges at about 5-6

57
Q

prejudice:

A

this is a view of other people that is usually negative, that is based on their membership in a specific group
-in kids it is mostly from an enhanced view of their own group, and thinking that all others suck

58
Q

when is prejudice the worst?

A

before middle childhood (they start realizing that prejudice is unacceptable), and during, and after adolescence (adolescence start to internalize the prejudices taht they are exposed to, and they start finding a group that they belong to and think is better)

59
Q

socialization

A

teaching children the values, roles and behaviours of their culture

family development (13 decks)

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