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DMD 5247 > Cardiovascular Embryology&Histology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Embryology&Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transportation, regulation, and protection

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2
Q

What are the major blood vessels

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

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3
Q

When does most of the development occur

A

this happens when the heart is pumping blood

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4
Q

what are the contractile tissues and the internal epithelium made of

A

myocardium and endocardium

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5
Q

During development: where is the cardiogenic field in relation to the neural plate

A

cranial

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6
Q

Blood islands in the visceral layer of lateral plate mesoderm are in what direction to the developing brain

A

cranial

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7
Q

what develops as the blood islands coalesce

A

a horseshoe-shaped endothelial tube(the primitive heart tube)

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8
Q

What does the heart form from

A

the visceral(splanchnic) layer of lateral plate mesoderm

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9
Q

how do the two sides of the cardiac region fuse along the midline

A

lateral plate mesoderm

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10
Q

what does the fusion from lateral body folding result in

A

a single tube with aortic and venous poles

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11
Q

Where does the heart tube sprout aortic arch vessels from?

A

from the aortic outflow region

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12
Q

does the venous pole remain paired after fusion

A

yes

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13
Q

what portion of the heart does the caudal pole form

A

the venous end of the heart

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14
Q

what portion of the heart does the cranial end form

A

the arterial portion of the heart

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15
Q

what are the vessels that form from sprouting at the cranial end called

A

the aortic arches

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16
Q

during cardiac looping what directions do the atrial and ventricular portions grow in

A

the atrial portion grows upward and to the left. the ventricular portion grows downward and to the right

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17
Q

what is the result of the atrial and ventricular positioning after cardiac looping

A

the atria are superior and posterior
the ventricles are anterior and inferior
the heart itself is on the left side of the body

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18
Q

ductus venosus

A

shunts blood to the liver

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19
Q

foramen ovale

A

connects the two atria and is located in the heart

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20
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

connects the right ventricle to the aorta: mixes oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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21
Q

how is the interatrial septum formed?

A

the fusion of the septum primum and the septum secundum

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22
Q

what does the septum primum do after it forms?

A

extends into the atrium from the cranial-dorsal wall

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23
Q

which comes first? the foramen primum or the septum primum?

A

The foramen primum exists first; before the septum primum attaches

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24
Q

How does the foramen secundum form?

A

Apoptosis of the septum primum

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25
Q

How does septum secundum grow and what does it form?

A

Septum scundum grows by looping and leaves an open foramen ovale

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26
Q

what happens to the septum primum and septum secundum at birth

A

they are pushed together

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27
Q

What is atrial septal defect?

A

(ASD) excessive resorption of septum primum

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28
Q

What is the disease process of ASD?

A

the amount of apoptosis is too extensive during formation of the ostium secundum in the upper portion of the septum primum. This results in too large a hole for the septum secundum to cover.
–> Septum secundum will fail to form: leaving a large hole in the atrial septum

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29
Q

Common Atrium

A

absence of septum primum and septum secundum

30
Q

ventricular septal defect

A

(VSD) 20% membranous and 80% muscular

31
Q

What are the most common type of heart defect

A

Interventricular septal defects

32
Q

When does transposition of the great vessels occur

A

the defect results when the conotruncal cushions dividing the outflow tract fail to spiral 180 degrees.
The defects can be considered a neural crest-related abnormality.

33
Q

Teratology of Fallot

A
  • pulmonary stanosis
  • interventricular septal defect
  • overriding aorta
  • hypertrophy
34
Q

what is the underlying cause in the teratology of fallot

A

an anterior displacement of the conotruncal septum

35
Q

Persistent truncus arteriosus

A

in this case a conotruncal septum never forms

36
Q

Differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle

A
  • Location
  • Shape
  • Number and location of nuclei, mitochondria
  • Autorhythmicity
  • Control
  • Presence of intercalated discs
37
Q

Intercalated Discs

A

Gap Junctions between cardiac muscle cells

38
Q

What are the functions of the intercalated discs?

A
  • Points of anchorage for myofibrils
  • Masculae adherens prevent the pulling apart of cells during contraction
  • Gap junctions allow for the rapid spread of contractile stimuli
39
Q

What makes the heart beat?

A

The conducting system

40
Q

What is the conducting system?

A

Series of specialized cardiac muscle cells that carries the electrical impulses throughout the heart musculature

41
Q

How is the electrical stimulus propagated?

A

Gap Junctions

42
Q

Pacemaker muscle cell

A

Induces spontaneous action potentials by its pacemaker potential
-action potential is spread to the nonpacemaker cell

43
Q

What are the three layers of the heart

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

44
Q

Wall of the heart consists of:

A

epicardium and myocardium

45
Q

Epicardium consists of:

A

visceral pericardium
simple squamous epithelium
fibrocollagenous tissue with abundant elastic fibers, adipose, nerves, coronary vessels

46
Q

What does the myocardium consist of?

A

Cardiac myocytes

Collagenous connective tissue skeleton containing adipose, blood vessels and nerves

47
Q

wall of the heart-inner layer

A

endocardium

48
Q

where is the endocardium located and what does it consist of

A
  • inner lining of atria and ventricles
  • layer of simple squamous epithelium
  • layer of fibroelastic tissue containing specialized cardiac muscle fibers(Purkinje Fibers), blood vessels and nerves
49
Q

myocardial cells

A

high energy cells with a significant demand for oxygen

50
Q

what is a myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

51
Q

what causes a myocardial infarction

A

blood supply to part of the heart is either partially or completely ruptured due to an atherosclerotic plaque
-underlying cause is coronary artery disease

52
Q

the cardiac cycle

A

period from the start of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next

53
Q

what are the two phases of the cardiac cycle

A

systole and diastole

54
Q

Factors that control cardiac output

A

CO = SV* HR
Blood volume reflexes
Autonomic nervous system
higher centers

55
Q

cardiac conducting cells are part of the:

A

purkinje system

56
Q

what is the purkinje system and what does it do

A
  • modified, specialized cardiac cells
  • organized into nodes and fibers
  • generate and rapidly transmit the contractile impulse
57
Q

What are the three layers involved in architecture of the blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

58
Q

Which of the tunica layers is the thickest?

A

Tunica media

59
Q

Elastic arteries

A
  • thick tunica adventitia

- broad tunica media with lots of elastin

60
Q

Muscular Artery

A
  • thick tunica media

- internal/external elastic lamina observed

61
Q

Arterioles

A

Less than 0.05 mm

62
Q

How much internal elastic lamina is present in tunica media?

A

very little, if any

63
Q

How many smooth muscle layers are in arterioles?

A

1-3 smooth muscle layers

64
Q

Where does microcirculation take place?

A

Within the capillaries

65
Q

What are some key characteristics of microcirculation at the capillaries?

A
  • very thin endothelial membrane
  • precapillary sphincters help to control blood flow
  • site of gas and nutrient exchange
66
Q

Examples of actions during microcirculation?

A
  • diffusion across membranes
  • small molecule transport
  • transcytosis
  • leaks between the cells
67
Q

continuous capillary

A

found in most tissues, continuous endothelium, scattered tight junctions, transport by diffusion and pinocytosis

68
Q

fenestrated capillary

A
  • perforated endothelium
  • enables extensive flow of blood
  • common in the intestine, kidney glomerulus, and endocrine organs
69
Q

sinusoidal capillaries

A
  • greatest permeability
  • perforated basement membrane and endothelium
  • liver, lymphoid, endocrine, hematopoietic
70
Q

venous system

A
  • always carries blood to the heart
  • categorized by size
  • lower pressure and thinner walls
  • larger veins have the same tunics as the arteries, just not as well-defined
  • -> thinner walls allows more flexibility
  • -> larger lumen allows more capacity
  • Closer to the surface of the skin, easier to see
  • Valves present in many veins, especially those in extremities
71
Q

Venules

A
  • larger than capillaries but smaller than veins

- carry blood away from capillary beds towards heart

72
Q

medium/large vein valves

A

muscles in your legs and arms help push blood back towards the heart

DMD 5247 (13 decks)

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