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Microbiology > Chapter 13, Exam Two > Flashcards

Chapter 13, Exam Two Flashcards

1
Q

Contain a single type of nucleic acid. Contain a protein coat. Multiply synthesizing machinery of the cell. Synthesis of specialized structures that can transfer the viral nucleic acid to other cells.

A

Viruses

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2
Q

Of a virus, is the spectrum of host cells the virus can infect.

A

Host range

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3
Q

Viruses are sensitive to interferon true or false

A

True

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4
Q

Viruses possess both DNA and RNA true or false

A

False

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5
Q

Narrow host range and ability to kill their host cells

A

Idea of phage therapy

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6
Q

Using bacteriophage to treat bacterial infections

A

Phage therapy

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7
Q

Viruses that may selectively in fact and kill tumor cells or cause any response against tumor cells

A

Oncolytic viruses

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8
Q

A complete, fully developed, infectious viral particle composed of nucleic acid and surrounded by a protein coat outside a host cell

A

Viron

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9
Q

nucleic acid of a virus is protected by a protein coat

A

Capsid

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10
Q

Protein subunits of capsid

A

Capsomeres

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11
Q

Combination of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates that cover a Capsid.

A

Envelope

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12
Q

Host cell’s plasma membrane coating animal virus. Extrusion process. May contain proteins determined by the viral nucleic acid and materials derived from normal host cell components.

A

Viral envelope

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13
Q

Carbohydrate – protein complexes that project from the surface of the viral envelope

A

Spikes

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14
Q

The capsid of this virus protects the nucleic acid from nuclease enzymes in biological fluids and promotes the viruses attachment to susceptible host cells

A

Non-enveloped to viruses

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15
Q

Helical viruses

A

Ebola and rabies

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16
Q

Polyhedral viruses

A

Icosahedron, 20 triangular faces and 12 corners

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17
Q

Roughly spherical, enveloped helical or enveloped polyhedral viruses

A

Enveloped viruses

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18
Q

Bacteriophage, structures such as the capsid, but tail sheath, tail fibers, base plate, and pin

A

Complex viruses

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19
Q

The international committee on taxonomy of viruses group viruses into families based on what?

A

Genomics and structure

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20
Q

A bacteriophage sample is mixed with host bacteria and melted agar. clearings or plaques are visible against a lawn of bacterial growth.

A

Plaque method

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21
Q

Each plaque corresponds to a single virus in the initial suspension. Concentrations of viral suspensions measured by the number of plaques are usually expressed in terms of…

A

Plaque forming unit PFu

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22
Q

Require living host cells in order to multiply

A

Intra-cellular parasites

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23
Q

When two or more strains of the virus combined to form a new subtype having a mixture of surface antigens of two or more original strains

A

Antigenic shift

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24
Q

Host for many animal viruses. A hole is drilled in the shell of an embryonated egg, and a viral suspension is injected into the egg’s fluid. Viral growth is signaled by the death of the embryo by embryo cell damage, or the formation of typical pox or lesions in the egg membranes. Vaccinations may have egg proteins.

A

Embryonated egg

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25
Q

Cells grown in culture media in a laboratory. Cell lines are started by treating a slice of animal tissue with enzymes that separate individual cells. Cells are suspended in a solution. Normal cells and here to glass or plastic and produce a monolayer.

A

Cell culture

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26
Q

Cell deterioration in cell culture is called

A

Cytopathic effect

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27
Q

Derived from tissue slices tending to die only after a few generations

A

Primary cell lines

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28
Q

Develops from human embryos, can be maintained for about 100 generations, widely used for culturing viruses that require a human host.

A

Diploid cell Lines

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29
Q

Transformed cancer cells that can be maintained through an indefinite number of generations, sometimes called immortal

A

Continuous cell lines

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30
Q

Serological method most used as a means of identification. Virus is detected and identified by it’s reaction with antibodies.

A

Western blotting

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31
Q

By infecting every cell in a culture and then testing the culture medium and cells for virions and viral proteins and nucleic acids. Growth curve looks like a single peak.

A

One step growth curve

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32
Q

Bacterial phage alternative mechanism/ lifecycle where lysis and death of the host cell occur

A

Lytic cycle

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33
Q

Bacteriophage can multiply by this cycle. Where the host cell remains alive.

A

Lysogenic cycle

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34
Q

Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release.

A

Lytic cycle of t-even phage

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35
Q

Where a virus attaches to a complementary receptor site on the bacterial cell

A

Attachment, lytic cycle

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36
Q

Where a T even cell injects it’s nucleic acid into bacterium using phage lysozyme. Phage particle functions like a hypodermic syringe.

A

Penetration, Lytic cycle

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37
Q

Breaks down a portion of the bacterial cell wall

A

Phage lysozyme

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38
Q

Host protein synthesis is stopped by virus induced degradation of the host DNA, viral proteins that interfere with transcription, or the repression of translation. Initially, the phage uses the host cells nucleotides and several of it’s enzymes to synthesize many copies of phage DNA. Biosynthesis of viral proteins begins. The host cells ribosomes, enzymes, and amino acids are used for translation. Late messages are translated into phage capsid proteins.

A

Biosynthesis, lytic cycle

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39
Q

Multiplication is complete, infective virions are not present yet

A

Eclipse period

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40
Q

Phase in which viral component assemble into viral particles spontaneously

A

Maturation, lytic cycle

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41
Q

Virons are released from the host cell. Lysis due to lysozyme.

A

Release, lytic cycle

42
Q

Some viruses don’t cause life and death of the host cell when they multiply

A

Temperate phages /T even bacteriophages

43
Q

DNA is incorporated into host cells DNA, phage remains latent

A

Lysogeny

44
Q

Inserted phage DNA, repressed by to repressor proteins that are the products of phage genes

A

Prophage

45
Q

Phage attaches to host cell and injects DNA. Phage DNA circularizes is and enters the lysogenic cycle. Phage DNA integrates with in the bacterial chromosome by recombination becoming a prophage. Lysogenic bacterium reproduces normally. Occasionally the prophage may excise from the bacterial chromosome buy another recombination event initiating a lytic cycle.

A

Lysogenic cycle, bacteriophage lambda and E. coli

46
Q
  1. Lysogenic cells are immune to reinfection by the same phage. 2. Phage conversion- the host cell may exhibit new properties. 3. The result of Lysogeny is that it makes specialized transduction possible.
A

Three important results of lysogeny

47
Q

Bacterial genes and prophage can be picked up in a phage coat and transferred to another bacterium

A

Specialized transduction

48
Q

Prophage exist in galactose – using host

A

Specialized transduction step one

49
Q

Phage genome exercises, caring with it the adjacent gal gene from the host

A

Specialized transduction step two

50
Q

Phage matures and cell lysis, releasing phage carrying gal Gene

A

Specialized transduction step three

51
Q

Phage infects a cell that cannot utilize the lactose (lacking gal Gene)

A

Specialized transduction step four

52
Q

Along with the prophage the bacterial gal gene becomes integrated into the new host DNA

A

Specialized transduction step five

53
Q

Lysogenic cell can now metabolize galactose

A

Specialized transduction step six

54
Q

Attachment to complementary receptor sites on the host cell surface results in The plasma membrane continuously folding InWard to form vesicles

A

Receptor – mediated endocytosis

55
Q

When the viral envelope fuses with the plasma membrane and releases the capsid into the cells cytoplasm

A

Fusion

56
Q

Separation of the viral nucleic acid from its protein coat sometimes caused by the action of lysosomal enzymes of the host cell

A

Uncoating

57
Q

Copies messenger RNA to make viral DNA

A

Reverse transcriptase

58
Q

Viral enzymes replicate DNA in the _______ of the host cell

A

Nucleus

59
Q

Viral proteins and the capsid are synthesized in the_________ which then migrate into the nucleus and join with the newly synthesized DNA to form _____. These are transported along the endoplasmic reticulum to the host’s cell membrane for release.

A

Cytoplasm, virons

60
Q

___________ multiply in the host cells cytoplasm.

A

RNA viruses (Example: Picornaviridae)

61
Q

This enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of another strand of RNA which is complementary in sequence to the original infecting strand

A

Rna – dependent RNA polymerase

62
Q

RNA within the virion is Called the ________. It can act as messenger RNA.

A

Sense strand (plus strand)

63
Q

To principal proteins are translated from single-stranded viral RNA

A

One inhibits the host cells synthesis of RNA and the other is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which makes an anti-sense strand (minus strand).

64
Q

DNA containing viruses replicate their DNA in the nucleus of the host cell by using what?

A

Viral enzymes

65
Q

DNA contain viruses synthesize there capsid and other proteins in the cytoplasm using what? Capsid proteins reenter the __________ where virons mature.

A

Host cell enzymes

66
Q

DNA contain viruses, virions are transported along the?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

67
Q

In most DNA viruses early transcription is carried out with?

A

The host’s transcriptase

68
Q

RNA viruses multiply in the host cells

A

Cytoplasm

69
Q

This enzyme isn’t encoded in any cells genome. Viral genes cause the enzyme to be made by a host cell. The enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of another strand of RNA.

A

RNA dependent RNA polymerase

70
Q

Plus strands (sense strands) serve as Messenger RNA and are incorporated into __________ proteins as the viral genome.

A

Capsid

71
Q

In RNA containing viruses, the - strand may be incorporated into capsid protein, but The _________ only codes for proteins.

A

Plus strand

72
Q

DNA containing viruses replicate their DNA in the nucleus of the host cell by using what?

A

Viral enzymes

73
Q

DNA contain viruses synthesize there capsid and other proteins in the cytoplasm using what? Capsid proteins reenter the __________ where virons mature.

A

Host cell enzymes

74
Q

DNA contain viruses, virions are transported along the?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

75
Q

In most DNA viruses early transcription is carried out with?

A

The host’s transcriptase

76
Q

RNA viruses multiply in the host cells

A

Cytoplasm

77
Q

This enzyme isn’t encoded in any cells genome. Viral genes cause the enzyme to be made by a host cell. The enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of another strand of RNA.

A

RNA dependent RNA polymerase

78
Q

Plus strands (sense strands) serve as Messenger RNA and are incorporated into __________ proteins as the viral genome.

A

Capsid

79
Q

In RNA containing viruses, the - strand may be incorporated into capsid protein, but The _________ only codes for proteins.

A

Plus strand

80
Q

These viruses carry reverse transcriptase which uses the viral RNA as a template to produce complementary double-stranded DNA

A

Retroviruses

81
Q

The retroviral __________ unlike a prophage never comes out of the chromosome. HIV

A

Provirus

82
Q

Retrovirus entered by fusion between attachments spikes and the host cell receptors (two identical plus strands of RNA)

A

Step 1, retrovirus multiplication

83
Q

Uncoating releases the two viral RNA strands and the viral enzymes reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease.

A

Step two retrovirus multiplication

84
Q

Reverse transcriptase copies viral RNA to produce double-stranded DNA

A

Step three retroviral multiplication

85
Q

The new viral DNA is transported into the cells nucleus where is integrated into the cells chromosomes as a provirus by viral integrase. The provirus may be replicated when the host cell replicates.

A

Step four retroviral multiplication

86
Q

Transcription of the provirus may occur producing RNA for new retrovirus genomes and RNA that encodes the retrovirus capsid, enzymes, and envelope proteins.

A

Step five retroviral multiplication

87
Q

Viral proteins are processed by viral protease; some of the viral proteins are moved to the host plasma membrane

A

Step six of retroviral multiplication

88
Q

Mature retrovirus leaves the host cell acquiring an envelope and attachments spikes as it buds out

A

Seven of retroviral multiplication

89
Q

Capsids are enclosed by an envelope consisting of envelope protein encoded by viral genes and incorporated into the plasma membrane of the host cell. The envelope lipids and carbohydrates are encoded by the host cell genes. Does not kill the host cell.

A

Budding In retroviral multiplication

90
Q

First, most of the particles of some viruses infect cells but do not cause cancer. second, cancer might not develop until long after the viral infection. Third, cancers even those caused by viruses don’t seem to be contagious as viral diseases usually are.

A

The viral cause of cancer can often go unrecognized

91
Q

Cancer inducing genes carried by viruses are actually derived from animal cells

A

OnCogenes

92
Q

Virus is capable of inducing tumors and animals. Their genetic material integrates into the host cells DNA and replicates along with the host cells chromosome.

A

Oncoviruses

93
Q

Properties that are distinct from the properties of an infected cells or from infected cells that don’t form tumors

A

Transformation

94
Q

Many tumor cells contain a virus specific antigen on their cell surface

A

Tumor specific transplantation antigen (TsTA)

95
Q

Antigen in the nucleus

A

T antigen

96
Q

Among the RNA viruses, the only oncoviruses that causes cancer

A

Retroviridae

97
Q

Infect and lyse cancer cells

A

Oncolytic viruses

98
Q

A virus can remain in equilibrium with the hose and not actually produce disease for a long period

A

Latent infection

99
Q

Detectable infectious virus gradually build up over a long period

A

Persistent viral infection

100
Q

Proteinaceous infectious particle

A

Prion

101
Q

Short pieces of naked are only 3 to 400 nucleotides long with no protein coat

A

Viroids

Microbiology (11 decks)

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