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Anatomy Lecture Test 2 > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Primary brain vesicles at 3 week embryo

A

Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

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2
Q

Secondary brain vesicles at 6 week embryo

A

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

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3
Q

Prosencephalon gives rise to…

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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4
Q

Telencephalon gives rise to…

A

Cerebrum

Lateral ventricles

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5
Q

Diencephalon gives rise to…

A

Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)

Third ventricle

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6
Q

Mesencephalon gives rise to…

A

mesencephalon (midbrain, brainstem)

Cerebral aqueduct

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7
Q

Rhombencephalon gives rise to…

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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8
Q

metencephalon gives rise to…

A

brainstem, pons, cerebellum

Fourth ventricle

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9
Q

myelencephalon gives rise to…

A

medulla oblongata

Central canal

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10
Q

Brain stem includes…

A

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

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11
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Derived from myelencephalon
Connects spinal cord to brain
All ascending and descending tract must go through

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12
Q

Pons

A

Derived from metencephalon
Tracts from midbrain to cerebellum and spinal cord
Relays info to cerebellum, helps with movement

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13
Q

Midbrain

A

Metencephalon
Short section between diencephalon and pons
Contains the mesencephalic aqueduct
Cerebral peduncle

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14
Q

mesencephalic aqueduct

A

Aqueduct of sylvius

Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

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15
Q

cerebral peduncle

A

ascending and descending nerve fiber layers

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16
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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17
Q

Thalamus surrounds

A

the 3rd ventricle

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18
Q

hypothalamus

A

Forms floor of 3rd ventricle
Link between neurological and endocrine system
(raised BP after trauma)

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19
Q

epithalamus includes

A

pineal gland

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20
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Paired physically but slightly different functionally

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21
Q

Cerebellum

A

2 hemispheres

Each hemisphere divided into anterior and posterior lobe

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22
Q

Primary commissure

A

divides the 2 hemispheres of cerebellum into anterior and posterior

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23
Q

Vermis

A

a band of cortex along midline of cerebellum

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24
Q

Insula

A

Island of cortex

Some consider it a separate lobe of cerebrum

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25
Q

Frontal lobe

A

anterior to central sulcus

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26
Q

Parietal lobe

A

from central sulcus to parieto-occipitaq sulcus

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27
Q

temporal lobe

A

inferior to lateral sulcus

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28
Q

occipital lobe

A

posterior to parieto-occipitaq sulcus

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29
Q

Ventricles of brain

A

fluid filled cavities

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30
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

Inferior to corpus callosum, separated by septum pellucidum, do not directly communicate with each other

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31
Q

interventricular foramen

A

connection between each of the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle

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32
Q

Third ventricle

A

Between thalami, in diencephalon

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33
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

mesencephalic aqueduct,

connects 3rd and 4th ventricles, passes through midbrain

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34
Q

fourth ventricle

A

begins between pons and cerebellum, extends to the inferior portion of the medulla

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35
Q

lateral and medial apertures

A

fluid exits the 4th ventricle to connect with the central canal of the spinal cord and through the 3 foramina to the subarachnoid space where it’s absorbed

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36
Q

Vessels that arise from systemic circulation to supply blood to brain

A

common carotid arteries, internal carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, basilar artery

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37
Q

Common carotid arteries

A

Left branches from aorta
Right branches from brachiocephalic artery
Divides into external carotid artery and the internal carotid artery at the level of the larynx

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38
Q

internal carotid arteries

A

At bifurcation the carotid sinus contains baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
Divides into ophthalmic, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral

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39
Q

vertebral arteries

A

Arise from subclavian

Pass superiorly through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae and enter skull through foramen magnum

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40
Q

basilar artery

A

Shortest

Formed by the uniting of there vertebral arteries

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41
Q

basilar arteries

A

formed at level of pons
Branches into inferior and superior cerebellar arteries
Terminates by forming two posterior cerebral arteries

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42
Q

anterior cerebral artery supplies…

A

frontal and parietal lobes

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43
Q

middle cerebral artery supplied…

A

midbrain and lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres

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44
Q

Posterior cerebral arteries formed…

A

by the basilar arteries

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45
Q

anterior communicating artery

A

connection between branches of the anterior cerebral; arteries and forms part of circle of willis

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46
Q

posterior communicating artery

A

connection between branches of the posterior cerebral arteries and the internal carotid, forms part of circle of willis

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47
Q

Circle of willis

A

the interconnection between the internal carotid and basilar arteries
Reduces chances for serious vascular interruption

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48
Q

Reticular formation

A

poorly define, interconnected network of brain stem nuclei headquartered in the hypothalamus

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49
Q

Important nuclei of reticular formation

A

portions located in spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons, mesencephalon, parts of thalamus and hypothalamus

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50
Q

Functions of reticular formation

A

Somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, cortical alertness, habituation

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51
Q

Somatic motor control in RF

A

Gives rise to reticulospinal tracts which adjust muscle tension to maintain balance and posture
Relays signals from the eyes and ears to the cerebellum to integrate motor coordination

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52
Q

Cardiovascular control in RF

A

cardiac and vasomotor centers

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53
Q

Pain modulation of RF

A

One route pain signals reach cortex, but depending analgesic pathways from RF can block transmission of signals

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54
Q

Cortical Alertness in RF

A

Sleep and consciousness
Stimulation of reticular activating system stimulates the entire cerebral cortex
Output of RAS projects throughout cerebrum

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55
Q

inactive RAS

A

Inactive cerebrum

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56
Q

habituation of RF

A

ignoring inconsequential stimuli while remaining sensitive to others

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57
Q

Medulla Oblongata function

A

cardiovascular centers, respiratory rhythmicity centers

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58
Q

Cardiovascular center of MO

A

adjust heart rate, the strength of contraction, and flow of blood through peripheral tissues
Made up of cardiac and vasomotor centers

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59
Q

Respiratory rhythmicity center of MO

A

set the basic rate of respiratory movement

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60
Q

important structure of the medulla oblongata

A

pyramids and olives

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61
Q

pyramids

A

Anterior, inferior surface of MO

Where corticospinal fibers come close to the surface and lateral fibers cross

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62
Q

olives

A

Oval enlargement on lateral sides of MO

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63
Q

Olivary nuclei

A

relay info from the spinal cord, cerebral cortex, diencephalon, and brainstem to cerebellar cortex
Helps with balance

64
Q

Important nuclei of Medulla oblongata

A

nucleus gracilis, nucleus cuneatus, autonomic nuclei reflex center, cranial nerves IX-XII

65
Q

Nucleus gracilis

A

Where primary neurons from the lower extremities synapse with the secondary neurons on their way to the thalamus

66
Q

Nucleus cuneatus

A

Where primary neurons from the upper extremities synapse with the secondary neurons on their way to the thalamus

67
Q

Autonomic nuclei reflex center

A

cardiovascular and respiratory centers

68
Q

Pons functions

A

Important connecting area
Transverse myelinated fibers from cortex to the cerebellum pass through the middle cerebellar peduncle
Longitudinal fibers connect the midbrain to medulla

69
Q

important nuclei of pons

A

Respiratory centers (regulates respiratory center in MO)
Cranial nervers V-VIII
Helps with balance

70
Q

midbrain or mesencephalon function

A

contains nuclei that process visual and auditory information an generate reflexive responses to these stimuli
Dilate and constrict pupils
Dampen sound to prevent eardrum burst

71
Q

Important structures of pons

A

cerebral peduncles, tectum, cerebral aqueduct

72
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

Pair of cylindrical structures composed of ascending and descending fibers that connect the cerebrum to other regions of brain

73
Q

tectum

A

roof of mesencephalon and contains corpora quadrigemina

74
Q

Corpora quadrigenima

A

Superior colliculi- visual reflexes

Inferior colliculi- auditory reflexes

75
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects 3rd and 4th ventricle

76
Q

Red nucleus of midbrain

A

Nucleus rubor
Reddish color due to iron-containing pigment in cell bodies
Connects the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum

77
Q

function of red nucleus

A

Reflexes concerned with motor coordination and maintenance of posture
Involuntary motor commands

78
Q

Substantia nigra of midbrain

A

Inhibit forced involuntary movements
Produces dopamine (inhibits excitatory motor neurons)
Parkinson’s (tremors at rest)

79
Q

cerebellum

A

2nd largest structure of brain

80
Q

primary functions of cerebellum

A

Adjust postural muscles
Makes rapid autonomic adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium
Programming and fine tuning voluntary and involuntary muscles by regulation of pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathways

81
Q

pyramidal

A

conscious movement

82
Q

extrapyramidal

A

subconscious

83
Q

vermis

A

central constricted area that separates the cerebellar hemispheres

84
Q

flocculonodular lobes

A

Anterior and inferior to cerebral hemispheres

Balance and eye movement control

85
Q

hemispheres of cerebellum

A

assists in planning execution, and coordination of limbs and trunk movement

86
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle

A

tracts that link the cerebellum withe the nuclei on the mesencephalon, diencephalon, and cerebrum

87
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle

A

tracts that cross the ventral surface of the pons and connect the cerebellar hemospheres with sensory and motor nuclei

88
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

tracts that allow communication between the cerebellum and the nuclei in the medulla oblongata and carry ascending and descending cerebellar tracts from the spinal cord
(proprioception)

89
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest part of brain

90
Q

Cerebrum Cortex

A

Composed of grey matter (2-4mm)
Convolutions
White matter beneath grey matter

91
Q

convolutions of cortex

A

Folds and grooves

Form due to the rapid development of grey matter which is out of proportion to white matter

92
Q

White matter consists of

A

bundles of axons or fibers that connect the various parts of brain

93
Q

Gyri

A

elevated folds on convolutions

94
Q

Sulci

A

depressed folds of the convolutions

95
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

a deep groove that incompletely separates the cerebral hemispheres

96
Q

Fibers consist of

A

dendrites, myelinated axons, associated neuroglia

97
Q

association fibers

A

confined to each hemispheres and conduct impulses within the hemisphere

98
Q

Arcuate fibers

A

Type of association fiber
Shortest
Loop in an arc from one gyrus to another

99
Q

longitudinal fasciculi

A

Type f association fiber

connect the frontal lobe to other lobes of the same cerebral hemisphere

100
Q

commissural fibers

A

connect the neurons and gyri between ares of similar structure and function in the 2 hemispheres
Corpus callosum
anterior and posterior commissure

101
Q

Projection fibers

A

form the ascending and descending tracts from the cerebrum to the other parts of the brain (midbrain, brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord)
Internal capsule- in gross dissection

102
Q

basal nuclei

A

specialized mass of grey matter located deep within white matter (not in cortex)

103
Q

function of basal nuclei

A

Control unconscious movements of the skeletal muscle, coordinates learned movement patterns, controls muscle tone
Important in extrapyramidal system

104
Q

Caudate nucleus

A

Most superior nuclei of basal nuclei
Follows curve of lateral ventricle
Do not initiate movement, but once it’s underway they determine pattern and rhythm

105
Q

lentiform nucleus

A

Part of basal nuclei
Named because of lens shape
Extrapyramidal movement

106
Q

putamen

A

most lateral of lentiform nucleus

107
Q

globus pallidus

A

Most medial of lentiform nucleus

Controls and adjusts muscle tone (especially appendicular skeleton)

108
Q

corpus striatum

A

Part of basal nuclei
Refers to the striped appearance
Encompasses the caudate nucleus and the putamen

109
Q

Injury to basal nucleus

A

Cause a variety of motor movement dysfunctions (rigidity, tremor, rapid and aimless movement)

110
Q

Limbic system

A

includes nuclei and tracts along the border between the cerebrum and the diencephalon

111
Q

Functions of limbic system

A

Establishment of emotional states and related behavioral drives
Links the conscious function of the cerebral cortex to the unconscious and autonomic functions
Facilitates memory storage and retrieval
Central processing of olfactory info
Includes components of cerebrum, diencephalon, mesencephalon

112
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

Part of limbic system

Arches above the corpus callusom

113
Q

hippocampus

A

Part of limbic system

Role in learning and long-term storage

114
Q

amygdaloid nucleus

A

part of limbic system

115
Q

functional areas of cerebrum

A 
motor areas (voluntary movement)
sensory areas (conscious awareness of sensation)
association ares (integrate info and purposeful action)
116
Q

Though there are reliable landmarks, what can differ in each brain?

A

sulci and gyri

117
Q

Frontal lobe

A

MOTOR

Primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, frontal eye fields, Broca’s area, prefrontal cortex

118
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

In precentral gyrus
Directs voluntary movements
Allows control of precise or skilled voluntary movement

119
Q

premotor cortex

A

Anterior to precentral gyrus
Association area for primary motor cortex
Responsible for coordination of learned motor activities(especially repetition or patterned)
Memory bank of skilled motor activity
Planned movement
Coordinates several muscle groups simultaneously or sequentially

120
Q

Frontal eye fields

A

Controls voluntary eye movement

Partially in and anterior to premotor cortex

121
Q

Broca’s speech area

A

Anterior to inferior area of premotor cortex
Causes stimulates of other areas in frontal lobe
Coordinates skeletal muscle movement in larynx and pharynx
Usually L hemisphere

122
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Most complex
Extensive communications with cortical areas and limbic system
Performs abstract functions (predict consequences)

123
Q

Severed prefrontal cortex

A

tension and anxiety is removed

124
Q

Corresponding R hemisphere Broca’s area

A

responsible for interpretation emotion within speech

125
Q

Parietal lobes

A

SENSORY

Postcentral gyrus, somatosensory association cortex

126
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Contains primary sensory cortex
Receives somatic info from touch, pressure, pain, taste, and temp. receptors
Identifies part of the body that is stimulated (spatial discrimination)

127
Q

Somatosensory association area

A

Posterior to postcentral gyrus

Integrate different sensory inputs (texture, temp., pressure) to assemble an understanding of it

128
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Association to limbic system

Primary auditory cortex and auditory association area

129
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Superior margin of temporal lobe

Impulses from ear are related to pith, rhythm, volume

130
Q

Auditory association area

A

Permits association of the sound stimuli
Memories od sounds stored here
Posteriorly located

131
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Primary visual cortex and visual association area

132
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Extreme posterior tip of occipital and buried medially
Receives info from the retinas
Map of visual space on cortex

133
Q

Visual association area

A

Surround primary visual cortex and covers most of occipital lobe
Interprets visual stimuli (color, form, movement)
Uses past experiences to compare and recognize

134
Q

Neglect syndrome

A

Effects parietal lobe
Forgets about L part of things
Contralateral
Could effect either side

135
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

136
Q

thalamus functions

A

Provides switching and relay center for sensory and motor pathways
Ascending sensory info from spinal cord and cranial nerves (except olfactory) is processed here
Relay station that coordinates the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems
Consistes about 4/5 of diencephalon

137
Q

Olfactory sense projects onto…

A

hemispheres and thalamus simultaneously

138
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus

A

Part of thalamus

Relays auditory info to primary auditory cortex from inner ear

139
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

Part of thalamus
Relay station for the parietal lobe
Impact on emotional states
Integration of sensory info

140
Q

Ventral nuclei

A

Part of thalamus

Relay info between the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei

141
Q

Anterior nuclei

A

Part of thalamus and limbic system

Emotion, behavior, olfactory

142
Q

Medial nuclei

A

Part of thalamus
Provides conscious awareness of emotional states
Relay info between basal nuclei, hypothalamus, frontal lobes

143
Q

Posterior nuclei

A

Part of thalamus

Integrate sensory info for projection to the appropriate association area of cerebral cortex

144
Q

Lateral nuclei

A

Part of thalamus

Integrate sensory info

145
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Forms floor of 3rd ventricle

146
Q

General functions of hypothalamus

A

Regulation of visceral activities, hormonal and emotional control, and instinctual function
Homeostasis

147
Q

Specific functions of hypothalamus

A

Control of involuntary somatic motor
Control autonomic function
Coordinate nervous and endocrine activities
Production of emotional and behavioral drive
Coordinate between voluntary and autonomic function
Regulation of body temp., water and electrolyte balance
Control circadian rhythms

148
Q

involuntary somatic motor activity

A

direct motor patterns associated with rage, pleasure, pain, and sex arousal

149
Q

Paraventricular

A

Part of hypothalamus

Secretes oxytocin which stimulates smooth muscle contraction in uterus and mammary glands

150
Q

Suprachiasmatic

A

Part of hypothalamus

coordinates day/night cycle

151
Q

Preoptic

A

Part of hypothalamus

Regulate body temp. via autonomic centers in medulla

152
Q

Tuberal area

A

Part of hypothalamus

Releases hormones that control endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary gland

153
Q

Supraoptic

A

Part of hypothalamus

Regulate water loss at the kidneys by secreting ADH

154
Q

Maxillary bodies

A

Part of hypothalamus

control feeding reflex

155
Q

autonomic centers

A

Part of hypothalamus

control medullary nuclei that regulate heart rate and blood pressure

156
Q

Epithalamus

A

Partially forms the roof of 3rd ventricle

Pineal gland

157
Q

Pineal gland

A

Part of epithalamus
Secretes melatonin which helps regulate the circadian rhythm
Increase in melatonin at night

Anatomy Lecture Test 2 (7 decks)

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