Ch 7 Behavioural views of learning

Question 1

Rene Descartes (voluntary vs involuntary behaviour)

Answer 1

• explaining reflexes which were thought before to be voluntary
• reflexes believed to be innate
• learned behaviour = consequence of experience

Question 2

Ivan Pavlov: Classical conditioning

Answer 2

unconscious, conditioned response tends to be physiological

Question 3

John Watson: Environmentalism

Answer 3

Pavlov human v.
Little Albert baby experiment
Radical behaviourism

Question 4

contiguity

Answer 4

association of two events because of repeated pairing

Question 5

Edward Thorndike

Answer 5

• 1928 study of adult learning (myth: learning stopped at 16)
• learning: reduction in randomness of behaviour as a result of consquences

Question 6

Laws of Learning (Thorndike)

Answer 6

(Law of) effect, multiple responses, readiness, set, prepotentancy of elements, response by analogy

Question 7

The identical elements theory of training

Answer 7

similarities have to be great, revitalization in N.American education (teach applicable, useful knowledge related to useful jobs)

Question 8

BF Skinner

Answer 8

operant conditioning

Question 9

operant conditioning

Answer 9

voluntary behaviour strengthened/weakened by consequents/antecedents

Question 10

elicited responses (respondents)

Answer 10

stimulus-related, physiological

Question 11

emitted responses (operants)

Answer 11

voluntary behaviour

Question 12

primary reinforcer

Answer 12

doesn’t need to be learned (eg food)

Question 13

generalized

Answer 13

stimuli that not reinforcing before being paired w/a primary reinforcer, requires learning

(eg money, grades)

Question 14

operant effects

Answer 14

+/- reinforcement, presentation/removal punishment

Question 15

+ reinforcement

Answer 15

+ reinforcers/desired stimulus (strengthening)

Question 16

• reinforcement

Answer 16

• reinforcer/aversive stimulus (strengthening)

Question 17

presentation punishment (type 1)

Answer 17

weakening + aversive stimulus

Question 18

removal punishment

Answer 18

weakening + removal of desired stimulus

Question 19

Premack’s principle

Answer 19

favoured activities to reinforce participation in less desired activities

Question 20

extinction

Answer 20

weakening response by not reinforcing

Question 21

extinction rate

Answer 21

time lapse between withdrawal and cessation of a response

Question 22

Applied Behaviour Analysis

Answer 22

Antecedent -> Behaviour -> Consequences

Question 23

effective instruction delivery (EID)

Answer 23

concise/clear/specific instructions that communicate an expected result (statement*)

Question 24

shaping

Answer 24

reinforcing each small step of progress toward a desired goal/behaviour

Question 25

successive approximations

Answer 25

small components that make up a complex behaviour

Question 26

task analysis

Answer 26

system for breaking down a task hierarchically into basic (sub)skills

Question 27

response cost

Answer 27

punishment by loss of reinforcers (that already have been received)

Question 28

social isolation

Answer 28

removal of a disruptive student (5-10 min)

Question 29

time out

Answer 29

removal of all reinforcement

Question 30

contingency contract

Answer 30

teacher and student, specifying what the student must do to earn st

Question 31

token reinforcement system

Answer 31

tokens earned for academic work/positive classroom behaviour in exchange for desired reward