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Government 340 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

alliances

A

formal or informal arrangements designed to ensure mutual security

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2
Q

when do alliances collapse?

A

when allies see each other as threats to their security

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3
Q

why couldn’t Bismark’s alliance system be maintained?

A

it was complex and flexible, it could not be maintained once the master juggler left the scene

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4
Q

lessons from war: funnel of choices:

A
  1. process is important (constructivist contribution)
  2. beware of complacency
  3. make provision for military stability
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5
Q

thesis of origins of world war i

A

as the alliance system became less flexible, the balance of power became less multi polar and war became more likely

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6
Q

consequences of world war i?

A

15 million killed; four empires destroyed: german, austro-hungarian, russian, and ottoman; us and japan became major players

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7
Q

crowe memorandum

A

spartan reaction to athens

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8
Q

tirpitz plan

A

naval expansion

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9
Q

nationalism

A

pan-slavism and anti-slavism, nicky/willie letter

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10
Q

complacency aobut peace

A

influence of social darwinism

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11
Q

clumsy German policy

A

naval arms race result in encirclement of germany

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12
Q

Austrian and ottoman empires:internal crises:

A

first Balkan war pushed out the turks; serbia posed a threat to austria

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13
Q

domestic policies of germany

A

Fritz fisher cited the coalition of rye and iron; expansionism seen as an alternative to social democracy

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14
Q

Franz Josef

A

tired old man manipulated by count berchtold who was restrained by Franz Ferdinand who managed to block Serbian ambitions and alter sent the ultimatum in 1914

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15
Q

who was a weak emotional blusterer?

A

Kaiser Wilhelm II

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16
Q

what are the three types of causes?

A
  1. deep cause
  2. intermediate cause
  3. precipitating cause
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17
Q

deep cause

A

rise of German power bipolar alliance system, rise of nationalism, and German politics

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18
Q

intermediate causes

A

German policy, complacency, idiosyncrasies of eladers

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19
Q

precipitating cause

A

assassination of Franz Ferdinand by gavrilo princip in sarajevo

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20
Q

deterrent effect of the growth of Russian strength: schlieffen plan:

A

a knockout blow against France through Belgium before turning east

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21
Q

simple local war

A

a replay of the bosnian crisis of 1908-09 in which russia yielded

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22
Q

one-front war

A

it was possible to alter the mobilization schedules

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23
Q

two-front war without britain

A

split cabinet

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24
Q

war without united states

A

no submarine campaign, no Zimmerman telegraph

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25
Q

what led to the Russian empires partial and temporary break-up created an unprecedented political situation in the months following the war?

A

defeat of the triple-alliance- the German, austro-hungarian, and ottoman empires, and the revolutions of 1917

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26
Q

who were the communist revolutions suppressed by in 1919?

A

Germany and Hungary

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27
Q

the Adriatic port city of Fiume/Rijeka was seized by who?

A

Gabriele D’Annunzio

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28
Q

friedrich hayek’s sense of constructivism

A

according to more or less specific plans or rationalist schemes

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29
Q

what two artificial states are left in Europe today?

A

Belgium and Bosnia-Herzgovina

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30
Q

after the first world war, who provided a system for protecting national minorities?

A

League of Nations

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31
Q

what replaced the league of nations?

A

united nations

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32
Q

what new multinational states emerged from the ruins of the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1918?

A

Czechoslovakia an the kingdom of Yugoslavia

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33
Q

how the new system of collective security was supposed to work (League of Nations)

A
  1. aggression and offensive war were outlaws
  2. aggression deterred by forming a coalition of non aggressors who would aid the victim
  3. if deterrence failed and aggression occurred, all states would agree to punish the aggressor
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34
Q

contrast with balance of power

A
  1. focus on the aggressive policies of a state rather than its capacity
  2. alliances not formed in advance
  3. collective security was to be global; no neutrals of free riders
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35
Q

two interrelated concepts

A

sovereignty and international law

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36
Q

what did sovereignty and international law grow out of?

A

grew out of the peace of westphalia

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37
Q

who led a reservationist faction?

A

Lodge

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38
Q

Locarno

A

germany restored; fixed western, negotiable eastern borders; wahington conference, kellog-briand pact

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39
Q

Britain in the early days of the League

A

appeasement, reintegrated Germany

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40
Q

france in the early days of the League?

A

sought seurity guarantees, alliances with Poland, little entente

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41
Q

weimar in the early days of the league?

A

war guilt, reparations, loss of Ruhr

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42
Q

Italy in the early days of the league?

A

deprived of the spoils of victory

43
Q

what is the main thrust of Cohrs arguments about the new int’l order

A

is that a new int’l order was not created at Versailles; but rather that the treaties of the mid-1920s -the lodon reparations settlement of the 1924 and the locarno pact marked the beginning of the ‘real’ peace settlement

44
Q

what was the chaos of civil war among warlords; humiliation of the unequal treaties?

A

republic of China (Manchurian failure)

45
Q

what left Japan vulnerable?

A

Great Depression

46
Q

what country, which had long wanted to colonize Ethiopia, provoked incidents alon the Eritrean border then invaded, Oct 1935?

A

Italy

47
Q

Hossbach memorandum

A

war by 1943

48
Q

what ended Europes hegemony?

A

Act II of the Great War

49
Q

Hitler’s four options

A
  1. passivity
  2. industrial expansion
  3. Versailles revisions
  4. break out of the encirclement by going east for living space
50
Q

Hitler’s strategy: diplomatic maneuvers:

A

Withdrew from League and disarmament conference, signed treaty with Poland, tripled army, offered Britain a naval treaty, moved troops into the Rhineland during Ethiopian crisis

51
Q

Hitler’s strategy: diplomatic maneuvers:

A

Axis pact with Italy, Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan; support given to Spanish nationalists [not “fascists”]; takeover of Austria [Anschluss] and Sudetenland

52
Q

what was followed by the takeover of Czechoslovakia, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, and the seizure and partition of Poland in Sept?

A

Munich Conference

53
Q

Military Mastery

A

phony war, takeover of Denmark and Norway, blitzkrieg, British evacuate Dunkirk

54
Q

Overreaching

A

Battle of Britain, USSR, US

55
Q

causes

A

Hitler’s personality:1. his appetite grew with the eating;2. his racist ideology deprived him of critical assets
systematic 1. structural: Versailles stirred up German nationalism and left the Germans the capacity to do something about it; the absence of the US and the USSR from the balance of power until late in the game elf Germany undeterred

56
Q

causes

A

b. process: Germany was a revisionist state that sought to destroy the Versailles system; the growth of ideologies engendered hatreds and hindered communications
3. domestic: 1. class cleavages and ideological dispute in Britain and France b. economic collapse
c. US isolation, although FDR promoted the destroyer deal and lend-lease

57
Q

pacific war: individual:

A

FDR’s punitive sanctions

58
Q

pacific war: domestic:

A

economic collapse, militarism

59
Q

pacific war: systemic

A

Japanese need for raw materials and American isolationism

60
Q

pacific war: japans three options:

A
  1. strike the USSR
  2. strike the rest of Southeast Asia
  3. strike the united States, which had imposed a full embargo on oil and scrap metal
61
Q

when was appeasement of the pacific war achieved?

A

1815

62
Q

what was one of the great ironies of the interwar period?

A

the west confronted Germany in the 1920s when it should have been appeased and appeased Germany in the 1930s when it should have been confronted

63
Q

what might have helped forestall WWI and deterrence might have prevented WWII?

A

accommodation of Germany

64
Q

deterrence

A

discouragement through fear rather than defense after an attack; it is an extension of the balance of power logic

65
Q

containment

A

encircling or otherwise restraining an enemy: offensive of defensive, military or economic; during the cold war it was the american policy of containing soviet communism so as to promote a liberal economic and political world order

66
Q

three approaches to the cold war

A

traditionalist, revisionist, soft

67
Q

traditionalist approach to the cold war

A

stalin and the soviet union started the cold war. Evidence: US demobilized, USSR occupied E. Europe; US accommodated USSR at Yalta, USSR rigged elections, blockaded Berlin

68
Q

revisionists approach to the cold war

A

USSR was weaker than US and had a moderating influence

69
Q

soft approach to the cold war

A

revisionists blame Truman for cutting off lend-lease and using nuclear intimidation

70
Q

hard revisionist approach to cold war

A

american economic hegemony could not tolerate an autarkic economic area; marshall plan, open door

71
Q

postrevisionists approach to the cold war

A

cold war was inevitable due to the bipolar structure of the postwar balance of power; milieu goals of US vs. soviet possession goals

72
Q

milieu

A

intangible

73
Q

cold war security dilemma

A

neither could permit the other to dominate europe

74
Q

Roosevelt’s policy

A

Unconditional surrender of Germany; liberal trade system; powerful UN security council; bipartisan foreign policy; too much faith in UN, Stalin underestimated

75
Q

Stalin policy

A

Domestic control tightened because communist ideology had been weakened by nationalist appeals; protective isolation and maintenance of spheres of influence; Western soft spots probed

76
Q

Kennan’s analysis of the cold war

A
  1. Soviets had skeletons in their closet that they wished to keep hidden:
  2. Disillusionment over Stalin’s behavior in snubbing the UN and scolding FDR
  3. in its weakness, the West was to blame for the tragic necessity of having to rely on the Soviets; the price was paid in the form of the postwar dominance of much of Europe
77
Q

gradual onset of the cold war

A

Kennan and Churchill warned against Soviet expansionism

78
Q

six issues with conflict in cold war

A
  1. Poland, east Europe
  2. lend-lease, denied loan requests
  3. German reparations and reconstruction
  4. east asia
  5. atomic bomb, Baruch Plan rejected
  6. Greece, Turkey, Middle East
79
Q

Truman doctrine

A

moralistic, ideological explanation for aid to Greece and turkey; Kennan objected that it was too open-ended

80
Q

Marshall plan

A

soviets pulled the plug on Czechoslovakia; Berlin Blockade, Berlin airlift

81
Q

Post-1949 Rigidity:

A

soviet atomic test, fall of china

82
Q

systemic: bipolarity

A

followed collapse of other great powers; resulting power vacuum changed relationships; four areas of creativity

83
Q

societal levels of analysis

A

russian political culture; strong leaders, fear of anarchy and invasion, shame about backwardness, secrecy; communist overlay, class rights, secretive foreign policy

84
Q

societal

A

American political culture: liberal democracy, pluralism, fragmentation of power; pride in technology and expanding economy; island of the blessed surrounded by two ocean-moats (K-L); open society, emphasis on individual justice; extrovert/ introvert foreign policy

85
Q

Yalta objectives

A

Stalin: Germany, Poland

86
Q

Churchill objectives

A

France restred to balance USSR

87
Q

Roosevelt objectives

A

UN, open int’l economy

88
Q

how did STalin’s expansionism differ form Hitler’s

A

a) Not bellicist, b) cautiously opportunistic, not recklessly adventuresome; cf. Britain: security dilemma legitimized its defensive expansionism (imperialism)

89
Q

Eisenhower doctrine

A

roll back communism

90
Q

Geneva summit

A

austria neutralized

91
Q

secret speech

A

led to hungarian uprising

92
Q

detnte

A

followed the cuba misile crisis

93
Q

nixon strategy

A
  1. nuclear parity
  2. china
  3. increase trad
  4. linkage
94
Q

countertrends

A

soviet defense build-up, soviet interventions, America’s rightward turn

95
Q

imperial overstretch

A

but the ussr has not been defeated of weakened in great power war

96
Q

who wanted to reform communism not replace it?

A

Gorbachev

97
Q

peristroika

A

restructuring

98
Q

glasnot

A

openness

99
Q

liberal ideas

A

Openness, democracy, and the new thinking were Western ideas that had been adopted by the generation of 1956; they were spread through transnational communications and the demonstration effect of Western economic success

100
Q

imperial overstretch

A

Opportunity costs of the enormous Soviet defense budget: health care decline, mortality rise, Ogarkov warning

101
Q

decline of communist ideology

A

It was progressively undercut by de-Stalinization in 1956 and the repressions of Hungary (1956), Czechoslovakia (1968), and Poland (1981)

102
Q

failure of the soviet economy

A

Central planning was unresponsive to a changing world economy; Stalin favored smokestack industries; the third industrial revolution needed capitalism’s creative destruction

103
Q

political effects of the H-bomb

A
  1. concept of limited war revived
  2. crises replaced war
  3. deterrence became keys strategy
  4. proxy wars superpower prudence
  5. stigma attached to the sue of nuclear weaponry
104
Q

between 1946 and 1975 _____ and _____ emerged

A

colonial rule, new ocuntries

Government 340 (7 decks)

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