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Human Anatomy > Ch. 2 - The Cell > Flashcards

Ch. 2 - The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the plasma membrane

A

Separate the cell’s internal environment from its
external environment
Regulate what move in and out of the cell
Hold the cell in place
Communicate with neighboring cells and the rest of the body
Hold proteins in place

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2
Q

Water as a Solvent

A

Salt dissolves in it, oils and fats do not. Ions interact with its electrical charge. Oils and fats have an equal charge making them hydrophobic

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3
Q

Cholesterol

A

Important component in the cell membrane

Precursor for bile and steroid hormones

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4
Q

Fluid Membrane

A

Holds things in place, but like many boats on a lake

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5
Q

Membrane permeability

A

Molecules with no charge can pass through
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids, fats
Charged molecules need channels or transport
Some very small molecules can pass through
Water, urea

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6
Q

Proteins in the cell membrane

A

Like the membrane, it has hydrophilic ends, and a hydrophobic middle

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7
Q

Transporter Proteins

A

The protein is involved in moving the molecule across

the membrane, usually the molecules are larger (glucose)

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8
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

A signal molecule (hormone) arrives at the cell and binds
with the receptor
This causes a change in the cell; the cell responds to the signal

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9
Q

Enzymes

A

Often bound in membranes
The cell regulates where chemical reactions take place
and assembly lines of enzymes can be formed to help reactions take place

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10
Q

Linker proteins

A

Proteins that pass through the cell membrane hold the cell in place

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11
Q

Identity marker proteins

A

Cell recognition proteins (egg and sperm)

Cell products are displayed (immune system)

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12
Q

Ion channels

A 
A signal (ACh) causes channel to open
When open, the channel allows Na+ ions to move in or out of the cell
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13
Q

Diffusion

A

The random movement of particles produces an equal

concentration in all areas of the solution

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14
Q

Osmosis

A

When particles are prevented from moving, water will move to equalize the concentration of dissolved particles
This will push water against gravity (energy)

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15
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The molecules are “helped” into the cell along the concentration gradient.
No energy is needed
Revolving door to the cell

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16
Q

Primary active transport

A

Energy is used to move particles against the concentration gradient
(i.e. the sodium / potassium pump)

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17
Q

Endocytosis

A

The cell extends itself around an object and brings it in inside the cell membrane in a vacuole

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18
Q

Exocytosis

A

A vacuole from the cell binds with the cell membrane

The content is dumped into the interstitial fluid or the blood

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19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contains cytosol and organelles

20
Q

Cytosol

A

The fluid inside the cells and dissolved and suspended molecules

21
Q

Organelles

A

Areas of the cell isolated from the rest of the cell by membranes; each with a specific function

22
Q

Ribosomes

A

The assembly of proteins from amino acids (the primary structure of a protein)

23
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Membrane folds outside the nucleus. Rough and smooth ER

24
Q

RER

A

Holds ribosomes in place

Assembly of proteins

25
Q

SER

A

Holds enzymes in place

Modification of proteins

26
Q

Golgi complex

A

Modification of proteins

Transport from SER and transport to cell membrane through vesicles

27
Q

Cell Assembly Line

A

From the nucleus, to the RER, to the SER, to the golgi complex, secreted into vesicles, and expelled through exocytosis

28
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles containing digestive enzymes

Fuse with vesicle that is around bacteria in endocytosis

29
Q

Mitochondria

A

Power house of the cell, produces majority of the bodies ATP
Most of glucose catabolism takes place in the mitochondria
Has its own DNA and ribosomes
Structures: cristae (folds), inner and outer membrane, matrix

30
Q

Actin and microfilaments

A

Part of the cytoskeleton
Provides mechanical support for cell shape
Growth of microfilaments generate a change in cell shape

31
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Part of the cytoskeleton made of up several proteins that stabilize position of organelles and attach cells to one another

32
Q

Microtubule

A

Part of the cytoskeleton, made up of tubulin, Assembled in the centrosome, affects cell shape and the movement of organelles

33
Q

Cilia

A

Short, hair-like projections

Move fluid along the surface of the cell

34
Q

Flagella

A

In humans, only occurs in sperm, moves the cell

35
Q

Nucleus

A

Consists of a nuclear envelope with pores, the nucleolus, and chromatin

36
Q

DNA

A

Structure: double helix

Forms chromatin

37
Q

The Cell Cycle

A

Interphase (G1, S, G2 phase)
M Phase (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
Cytokinesis

38
Q

Interphase

A

G1: Cell is growing, chromosomes have one chromatid
S: DNA synthesis
G2: More metabolism, Chromosomes have two chromatids

39
Q

M Phase (Mitosis)

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase (opposite of propose)

40
Q

Prophase

A

Nuclear membrane disappears, Chromosomes condense, Nucleolus disappears, Spindle forms

41
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in the equatorial plane

42
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromatids separate, Daughter chromosomes move to the poles of the cell

43
Q

Telophase

A

(opposite of propose) Nuclear membrane reforms, Nucleolus reappears, Chromosomes uncoil

44
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The plasma membrane pinches off

We end up with two identical cells entering G1 phase

45
Q

Telomeres and aging

A

Chromosomes have caps on their ends: Telomeres
Telomeres break in each cell division
Limited number of divisions = Aging

Human Anatomy (18 decks)

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