Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Skeptic

A

Doubting, the is word is used to describe Diderot

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2
Q

Realistic

A

All ideas have an equal claim to truth, this word is used to describe Diderot

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3
Q

Who set up a 2 part world and what is it?

A

Descartes. 2 part world: me and the outside world

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4
Q

Statistics were invented

A

Censes divided by age, wealth, class, race

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5
Q

What is Principia Mathematica? Who created it?

A

It offered a theory of gravity, plus 3 laws of motion. Newton

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6
Q

Empiricism

A

Knowledge comes from our experience of things, most notably from our senses.

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7
Q

David Hume wrote what?

A

A treatise concerning human understanding

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8
Q

What is Hume?

A

All thoughts consist of sense impressions, ideas and imagination

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9
Q

What are the most vivid?

A

Sense impressions

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10
Q

What is imagination?

A

The recombination of your ideas?

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11
Q

What are the 3 patterns of relations?

A

Resemblance, contiguity (closeness in space and time), causation

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12
Q

Cause

A

A person or thing acting as agent to bring about an effect

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13
Q

Substance

A

The real or essential part or element of anything; what is “standing beneath” the appearances of a thing

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14
Q

Philology

A

The study of written words and texts

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15
Q

Abomination

A

Anything hateful and disgusting; anything that is loathed

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16
Q

One of the three liberal arts: the Art of speaking or waiting in a persuasive way. What’s this called?

A

Rhetoric

17
Q

When Galileo wrote his letter to the Grand Duchess Cristina, he defended Copernicus’ theory. He wasn’t atacking the church with the letter. Who were his targets?

A

Professors

18
Q

Agnostic

A

Not knowing, this word is used to describe Diderot

19
Q

This word refers to the type of reasoning which Aristotle mentioned in only passing, but which Francis bacon said was the key to all learning: beginning with observation of individual or particular things and then reasoning towards a general conclusion.

A

Induction

20
Q

This word was an important time in European history. The word means “rebirth” and it refers to how Italian thinkers believed that the Middle Ages had lost the wisdom from the ancient Greco Roman world and there was a rebirth taking place in Italy.

A

Renaissance

21
Q

This word refers to aristotles favorite type of logical proof: reasoning from first principles to a “necessary” and certain conclusion. The process consisted of drawing logical conclusions from two premises.

A

Deduction

22
Q

The art of thinking in an orderly way

A

Logic

23
Q

Atheist

A

A person who lacks belief in the existence of God

24
Q

One of the new, modern disciplines that was invented alongside Philogy and history was “hermeneutics”, biblical hermeneutics in particular.

A

Interpretation

25
Q

What other book did Descartes write the same years as the Discourse on Method?

A

Philosophical thoughts

26
Q

What is Descartes’ ideal as regards the model for all precise thought? What is his very first “clear idea,” expressed as cogito ergo sum? Explain.

A

Cogito ergo sum: “I think, therefor I am”

27
Q

After Descartes had proven his own existence and God’s, then what 2 things did he prove?

A

Descartes sets up a 2 part world: me and the outside world. This world can be analyzed, measured, and eventually controlled.

28
Q

Locke says that all knowledge comes from what? How does Locke describe the human mind (famous metaphor)?

A

From our experience of things, most notably from our senses. Metaphor: “Our mind is like a White sheet of paper and receives impressions passively from the senses. Objects have primary qualities and secondary qualities

29
Q

What is George Berkeley’s outrageous assertion that he was challenged to defend? What did Berkeley refused to believe in?

A

Gerobe Berkeley says “to be” is “to be perceived”. He refused to believe something has an “absolute existence” apart from being perceived is “simply unintelligible”.

30
Q

David Hume says that all thought consists of imagination and 2 other things–name them. How, probably, did we form the idea of the golden city or an angel, and why do we have no grounds for believing an angel or this city exists? Hume says we recognize three kinds of patterns of relationship of things.

A

Sense impressions and ideas.

31
Q

Why can we be sure that resemblance and contiguity are real, but we can’t be so sure about causation?

A

Because our thinking that something causes something else is a mere matter of custom.

32
Q

Christian belief in creation-from-nothing is not more easly to prove than what famous belief by Aristotle?

A

Aristotles famous belief in the eternity of the world

33
Q

Aristotle’s proof about the Prime Mover might be true, but what do we no good reason to believe about this prime mover? What is the famous proof from the orderliness of the world? Diderot says that if you think the order of the world is valid reaon to believe in a God, what then about the order or disorder of the world do you have to explain?

A

If you argue from the orderliness of the world leads to a belief in an orderer, then all the disasters and suffering against belief in the orderer.