Test 2

Question 1

Skeptic

Answer 1

Doubting, the is word is used to describe Diderot

Question 2

Realistic

Answer 2

All ideas have an equal claim to truth, this word is used to describe Diderot

Question 3

Who set up a 2 part world and what is it?

Answer 3

Descartes. 2 part world: me and the outside world

Question 4

Statistics were invented

Answer 4

Censes divided by age, wealth, class, race

Question 5

What is Principia Mathematica? Who created it?

Answer 5

It offered a theory of gravity, plus 3 laws of motion. Newton

Question 6

Empiricism

Answer 6

Knowledge comes from our experience of things, most notably from our senses.

Question 7

David Hume wrote what?

Answer 7

A treatise concerning human understanding

Question 8

What is Hume?

Answer 8

All thoughts consist of sense impressions, ideas and imagination

Question 9

What are the most vivid?

Answer 9

Sense impressions

Question 10

What is imagination?

Answer 10

The recombination of your ideas?

Question 11

What are the 3 patterns of relations?

Answer 11

Resemblance, contiguity (closeness in space and time), causation

Question 12

Cause

Answer 12

A person or thing acting as agent to bring about an effect

Question 13

Substance

Answer 13

The real or essential part or element of anything; what is “standing beneath” the appearances of a thing

Question 14

Philology

Answer 14

The study of written words and texts

Question 15

Abomination

Answer 15

Anything hateful and disgusting; anything that is loathed

Question 16

One of the three liberal arts: the Art of speaking or waiting in a persuasive way. What’s this called?

Answer 16

Rhetoric

Question 17

When Galileo wrote his letter to the Grand Duchess Cristina, he defended Copernicus’ theory. He wasn’t atacking the church with the letter. Who were his targets?

Answer 17

Professors

Question 18

Agnostic

Answer 18

Not knowing, this word is used to describe Diderot

Question 19

This word refers to the type of reasoning which Aristotle mentioned in only passing, but which Francis bacon said was the key to all learning: beginning with observation of individual or particular things and then reasoning towards a general conclusion.

Answer 19

Induction

Question 20

This word was an important time in European history. The word means “rebirth” and it refers to how Italian thinkers believed that the Middle Ages had lost the wisdom from the ancient Greco Roman world and there was a rebirth taking place in Italy.

Answer 20

Renaissance

Question 21

This word refers to aristotles favorite type of logical proof: reasoning from first principles to a “necessary” and certain conclusion. The process consisted of drawing logical conclusions from two premises.

Answer 21

Deduction

Question 22

The art of thinking in an orderly way

Answer 22

Logic

Question 23

Atheist

Answer 23

A person who lacks belief in the existence of God

Question 24

One of the new, modern disciplines that was invented alongside Philogy and history was “hermeneutics”, biblical hermeneutics in particular.

Answer 24

Interpretation

Question 25

What other book did Descartes write the same years as the Discourse on Method?

Answer 25

Philosophical thoughts

Question 26

What is Descartes’ ideal as regards the model for all precise thought? What is his very first “clear idea,” expressed as cogito ergo sum? Explain.

Answer 26

Cogito ergo sum: “I think, therefor I am”

Question 27

After Descartes had proven his own existence and God’s, then what 2 things did he prove?

Answer 27

Descartes sets up a 2 part world: me and the outside world. This world can be analyzed, measured, and eventually controlled.

Question 28

Locke says that all knowledge comes from what? How does Locke describe the human mind (famous metaphor)?

Answer 28

From our experience of things, most notably from our senses. Metaphor: “Our mind is like a White sheet of paper and receives impressions passively from the senses. Objects have primary qualities and secondary qualities

Question 29

What is George Berkeley’s outrageous assertion that he was challenged to defend? What did Berkeley refused to believe in?

Answer 29

Gerobe Berkeley says “to be” is “to be perceived”. He refused to believe something has an “absolute existence” apart from being perceived is “simply unintelligible”.

Question 30

David Hume says that all thought consists of imagination and 2 other things–name them. How, probably, did we form the idea of the golden city or an angel, and why do we have no grounds for believing an angel or this city exists? Hume says we recognize three kinds of patterns of relationship of things.

Answer 30

Sense impressions and ideas.

Question 31

Why can we be sure that resemblance and contiguity are real, but we can’t be so sure about causation?

Answer 31

Because our thinking that something causes something else is a mere matter of custom.

Question 32

Christian belief in creation-from-nothing is not more easly to prove than what famous belief by Aristotle?

Answer 32

Aristotles famous belief in the eternity of the world

Question 33

Aristotle’s proof about the Prime Mover might be true, but what do we no good reason to believe about this prime mover? What is the famous proof from the orderliness of the world? Diderot says that if you think the order of the world is valid reaon to believe in a God, what then about the order or disorder of the world do you have to explain?

Answer 33

If you argue from the orderliness of the world leads to a belief in an orderer, then all the disasters and suffering against belief in the orderer.