Respiratory System

Question 1

Upper respiratory tract infection

Answer 1

common cold, inflammation that affects mucous membrane of respiratory tract
nasal congestion and discharge, sneezing, watery eyes, coughing
minor illnesses caused by around 200 viruses (rhinoviruses)
treatment = clear up, no cure, rest, fluids, antihistamines, analgesics

Question 2

Sinusitis

Answer 2

inflammation of the mucous membranes around paranasal sinuses
frontal sinuses = headache when waking up, tenderness above eyes
maxillary sinuses = pain in cheeks and upper teeth
viral, fungal or bacterial infection often after common cold
treatment = nasal spray, antibiotics, decongestants

Question 3

Pharyngitis

Answer 3

inflammation/infection of the pharynx, tonsils, uvula and palate
sore throat with dryness, chills, fever, mucosa of pharynx are red and swollen
viral infection, tonsillitis, acute secondary to chickenpox, chronic secondary to syphilis and tuberculosis
treatment = lozenges, mouthwashes, antiinflammatory agents

Question 4

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Answer 4

not strongly linked to tobacco use, but linked to dietary intake or Epstein-Barr virus infection
more common in males, southern China, near Mediterranean
treatment = radiation therapy or chemotherapy

Question 5

Laryngitis

Answer 5

inflammation of larynx including vocal cords
inflammation can interfere with breathing, hoarseness, fever
viral or bacterial, bronchitis, influenza, acid reflux, smoking, alcohol
treatment = voice rest, bed rest, humidity, antibiotics

Question 6

Deviated septum

Answer 6

crooked nasal septum
causes narrowing and obstruction of air passage
generally congenital or due to trauma
treatment = can be straightened surgically if needed

Question 7

Nasal polyps

Answer 7

benign growths due to distended mucous membranes in the nasal cavity
can obstruct the nasal airway, affect the sense of smell, due to allergic rhinitis
treatment = surgical removal, infection of a steroid

Question 8

Anosmia

Answer 8

impairment or loss of the sense of smell, connected to inability to taste
due to nasal polyps and allergic rhinitis, or damage of olfactory nerves
treatment = removal of polyps, injections

Question 9

Expistaxis

Answer 9

nose bleed, hemorrhage from the nose
can lead to vertigo, increase in pulse, shortness of breath, more common in children
due to colds, direct trauma, sign of hemophilia, vitamin K deficiency
treatment = direct pressure, nasal packing

Question 10

Tumors of the larynx

Answer 10

benign or malignant growths on the larynx
dysphonia, when it is malignant, dysphagia occurs, stridor in children, hoarseness
misuse or overuse of the vocal cords, smoking, reflux
treatment = correction of vocal strain, stopping smoking, excision, radiation therapy

Question 11

Laryngeal cancer

Answer 11

most common site for head and neck tumours, SCC
hoarseness, gradually becomes worse, airway obstruction may occur
smoking, alcohol abuse, HPV
treatment = radiation therapy, surgery

Question 12

Hemoptysis

Answer 12

coughing or spitting up of blood from the respiratory tract
bright or dark red sputum, occurs during severe lung infections
due to trauma, calcification, tumors, bronchitis, coagulation defects
treatment = surgical removal/repair of blood vessels, antibiotics for minor

Question 13

Atelectasis

Answer 13

airless or collapsed state of the pulmonary tissue
incomplete expansion of segments of the lung, hypoxia, dyspnea, fever
obstruction in the bronchial tree, cancer, mucous plug, newborns, postoperative
treatment = suctioning of the airway, analgesics

Question 14

Pulmonary embolism

Answer 14

blood clot or foreign body occludes an artery in pulmonary circulation
sudden onset of dyspnea, cough, tachypnea, chest pain
factors include pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction
treatment = oxygen therapy, anticoagulants, heparin, ambulation

Question 15

Pneumonia

Answer 15

infective inflammation of the lungs
cough, fever, shortness of breath, panting
the larger the affected area, the more severe the symptoms
bacterial or viral infection commonly seen in the elderly
treatment = antibiotics (penicillin), antifungal medications, analgesics

Question 16

Pulmonary abscess

Answer 16

cavity of contained infectious material in the lung
most common in lower portion of the lung, chills and fever
often a complication of pneumonia, aspiration of food, neoplasms
treatment = antibiotics, surgical resection

Question 17

Legionellosis

Answer 17

pneumonia caused by a specific bacteria, not contagious
legionnaire’s disease = acute respiratory tract infection, headache, anorexia
pontiac fever = high fever, muscle aches, less severe
treatment = antibiotics, oxygen, analgesics

Question 18

Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia

Answer 18

pneumonia most common in infants, young children, and elderly
cold like symptoms, fever, lethargy, dyspnea
generally happens during the winter months, spread through contact of secretions
treatment = antipyretics, antibiotics

Question 19

Histoplasmosis

Answer 19

fungal disease originating in the lungs, inhalation of dust containing fungus
may cause pneumonia, spleen and lymph nodes become enlarged
treatment = antifungal drugs, corticosteroid

Question 20

Influenza

Answer 20

highly contagious, acute viral disease
inflammation of upper and lower respiratory tract mucous membranes
fever, cough, complications include bronchitis or sinusitis
from orthomyxovirus A, B, C
treatment = bed rest, fluids, light diet, antipyretic and analgesics

Question 21

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Answer 21

condition of slow and irreversible airway obstruction

includes bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, pneumoconiosis

Question 22

Acute and chronic bronchitis

Answer 22

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronchi
deep, persistent productive cough, thick yellow to gray sputum
symptoms more likely to appear during the winter months
treatment = aspirin, fluid intake, aerosol inhaler

Question 23

Bronchiectasis

Answer 23

permanent dilation or distortion of one or more of the bronchi
takes many years to develop, involves lower section of the lungs
cough with foul smelling sputum, chronic halitosis
can result from pneumonia, tuberculosis, inhalation of corrosive gas
treatment = antibiotics, bronchodilators, avoid environmental irritants

Question 24

Asthma

Answer 24

wheezing, cough difficulty breathing
airway narrowing can be severe and result in airway closure and anxiety
due to environmental and genetic factors
treatment = relief medications and long-term medications

Question 25

Pulmonary emphysema

Answer 25

destructive changes in the alveolar walls and enlargement of alveolar air spaces
interferes with breathing process and gas exchange, resulting in dyspnea
produces barrel chest, bluish discoloration around mouth
causes = smoking, respiratory tract infections, irritants
treatment = avoid inhalation of irritating substances, influenza vaccination, drug therapy, oxygen therapy

Question 26

Pneumoconiosis

Answer 26

disease of the lung caused by long-term mineral dust inhalation
dyspnea on exertion, dry cough, increasing effort for inspiration
generally takes 10 years for it to develop
types = asbestosis, anthracosis, silicosis
treatment = bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, corticosteroid drugs

Question 27

Pleurisy

Answer 27

inflammation of membranes surrounding lungs and lining pleural cavity
sharp, needle-like pain increasing with inspiration and coughing
dry and wet pleurisy, generally secondary to other diseases
treatment = antibiotics, analgesics, splinting, deep breathing exercises

Question 28

Pneumothorax

Answer 28

collection of air or gas in pleural cavity that results in collapsed lung
shortness of breath, sharp chest pain, falling blood pressure
can be spontaneous from tumor or diseases, or traumatic from a wound
treatment = most comfortable in Fowler’s position, oxygen, closed drainage system

Question 29

Hemothorax

Answer 29

accumulation of blood and fluid in pleural cavity
symptoms similar to pneumothorax, pale and clammy skin
caused by erosion of pulmonary vessel or hematologic disorders
treatment = reexpansion of lung, blood loss replaced

Question 30

Flail chest

Answer 30

multiple rib fractures
severe pain and dyspnea, anxious, paradoxical breathing
results from direct trauma, car accident, hard fall
treatment = allowing rib fractures to heal, mechanical ventilation, pain medications

Question 31

Pulmonary tuberculosis

Answer 31

infection of the lungs by mycobacterium tuberculosis
acquired by inhaling a dried droplet nucleus that contains bacteria
vague symptoms that lead to cough with sputum, blood streaking
poor health, unsanitary environment lower resistance to disease
treatment = quarantined, drug therapy

Question 32

Infectious mononucleosis

Answer 32

also known as Epstein-Barr virus infection
acute herpesvirus infection, causing lymphadenopathy, fever, tonsils coated with debris
transmitted through oral pharyngeal route, blood transfusions, organ donation
treatment = bed rest, fluid intake, antipyretics

Question 33

Adult respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 33

acute lung injury with severe pulmonary congestion, acute respiratory distress, and hypoxemia
lungs are hemorrhagic, wet, unable to diffuse oxygen
secondary to trauma, medical or surgical insult to body
treatment = oxygenation, mechanical ventilation

Question 34

Sarcoidosis

Answer 34

granulomatous, small lesions of inflamed cells, most commonly in the lungs
dry cough, swollen ankles, joint pain, lesions can affect skin
malfunction of immune system, viral
treatment = corticosteroid therapy, immunosuppressants

Question 35

Lung cancer

Answer 35

most common cause of cancer death, caused by carcinogenic irritation to bronchial epithelium
cough, most have COPD, dyspnea, chest pain, weight loss, brain metastasis
small cell lung cancer occurs mostly in smokers
treatment = surgical resection, lobectomy, pneumonectomy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy