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Ophthalmology > Lecture I > Flashcards

Lecture I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of the muscles around the eyes, going from the closest to the opening, outward?

A
  • Pre-tarsal
  • Pre-septal
  • Orbicularis oculi
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2
Q

What is the muscle that raises the eyelid?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

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3
Q

What is the nerve that innervates the orbicularis oculi and pretarsal / preseptal muscles?

A

CN 7

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4
Q

What is the innervation of the levator superioris muscle?

A

CN III

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5
Q

Which part of the ANS keeps the eye open? Through which CN does this occur?

A

SNS through CN 7

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6
Q

What is the septum that divides the deep part of the superior eye, from the superficial part?

A

Orbital septum

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7
Q

What is Mueller’s muscle? What is its main role?

A

Superior tarsal muscle that keeps the eye open

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8
Q

Entrapment of the orbicularis oculi 2/2 trauma usually occurs where?

A

In the maxillary sinus

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9
Q

What are the zonules of the eye?

A

Suspensory ligaments of the eye that attached the ciliary body to the lens

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10
Q

What is the effect of contraction of the ciliary muscle of the eye?

A

Lower tension on the lens = accommodation***

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11
Q

What is the choroid part of the eye?

A

Vascular part of the eye

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12
Q

What are the upper and lower punctum of the eye?

A

Upper and lower opening on the medial side of the eye that drain tears into the nose

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13
Q

What is the caruncle of the eye?

A

The red bit next to the nose

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14
Q

What do the upper and lower punctum drain into? What structures?

A

Upper and lower canaliculus into the lacrimal sac

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15
Q

What is the limbus of the eye?

A

The outer part of the iris

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16
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland relative to the eye?

A

Superior laterally

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17
Q

What are the layers of the eye from superficial to deep? (5)

A 
Epithelial layer
Bowman's layer
Stroma
Descemet's membrane
Endothelium
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18
Q

What determines damage to the cornea results in scarring or total regeneration?

A

If break through Bowman’s layer, then will not

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19
Q

What keeps the fluid from passing into the cornea from the aqueous humor?

A

Na/K pump on the endothelial layer

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20
Q

What are the components of the uveal tract? (3)

A

Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid

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21
Q

What causes presbyopia?

A

Slow increased thickening of the cornea, that eventually causes a change in the shape of the cornea, and clouding

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22
Q

True or false: cataracts are a part of normal development of the eye

A

True

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23
Q

What part of the eye secretes the aqueous humor? What are the receptors that are located here?

A

Ciliary body

Alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2

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24
Q

What are the receptors located on the ciliary muscle?

A

M3 and beta 2

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25
Q

What is the autonomic receptor located on the radial (dilator) muscle of the eye?

A

Alpha 1

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26
Q

What is the autonomic receptor located on the sphincter (constrictor) muscle of the eye?

A

M3

27
Q

The choroid supplies what part of the eye?

A

Outer 2/3 of the retina

28
Q

What supplies the inner 1/3 of the retina?

A

Opthalmic artery

29
Q

How does fluid drain from the eye?

A

Through the anterior chamber, into the trabecular network, and through the canal of schlemm

30
Q

What, generally, is open-angled glaucoma?

A

Blockage of the canal of schlemm causes increased IOP

31
Q

Why is there cupping of the optic disc with glaucoma?

A

Increased pressure in the anterior chamber is transmitted through the vitreous humor to the optic disc

32
Q

What is the important ratio that is used to determine the severity of glaucoma?

A

Cup:Disc ratio

33
Q

What is the pattern of vision loss in the eye?

A

Upper outer quadrant– upper temporal part

34
Q

What is scotoma?

A

Reduced or absent vision

35
Q

What is hemianopia?

A

Loss of half of a visual field

36
Q

What is homonymous?

A

Either right or left visual field

37
Q

What do the right and left optic radiations receive information from respectively?

A

Left radiation is from right eye to left brain

Right radiation is from left eye, right brain

38
Q

A lesion to the optic nerve prior to the chiasm will result in what sort of blindness?

A

Total in one eye

39
Q

A lesion to the optic nerve in the middle of the chiasm will result in what sort of blindness?

A

Bitemporal hemianopsia

40
Q

A lesion to an optic radiation will result in what sort of visual disturbance?

A

Homonymous hemianopia

41
Q

True or false: the optic nerve is a direct extension of the brain

A

True

42
Q

What are the macula and the fovea?

A

Macula is the area of sharp, central vision, with the fovea within it as the area that has the highest density of color

43
Q

Why aren’t there vessels going into the macula?

A

Otherwise would have vessels covering vision

44
Q

True or false: the relative pigmentation of the skin is reflected in the retina

A

True

45
Q

What is the role of Rhodopsin?

A

a biological pigment found in the rods of the retina and is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Rhodopsin is extremely sensitive to light, and thus enables vision in low-light conditions. When rhodopsin is exposed to light, it immediately photobleaches. In humans, it is regenerated fully in about 45 minutes

46
Q

true or false: Only a small fraction of metabolism in the lens is directed toward maintaining the transparency of the lens

A

False– metabolism is directed entirely toward it

47
Q

Where in the lens does the majority of metabolism take place?

A

Epithelium

48
Q

Glucose enters the lens from where?

A

Aqueous humor

49
Q

What percent of glucose metabolism is in the lens? What happens in hyperglycemic states?

A

5%

Shunted to this using aldose reductase

50
Q

What is the consequence of sorbitol in the lens?

A

lens does not have the enzyme that is needed to break down sorbitol, so it builds up. Since it is osmotically active, the lens swells

51
Q

What is sorbitol converted to once in the lens? How fast is this?

A

Fructose

Slow

52
Q

Patient with new onset blurred vision should be suspected of having what?

A

DM

53
Q

What happens if there is chronic swelling in the lens d/t DM?

A

Leads to cell rupture, causing a release of amino acids, K+ etc, which leads to cataract development

54
Q

What are the two main refractive surfaces of the eye? What portion of refractive power comes from each of these?

A

Cornea (2/3)

Lens (1/3)

55
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Refractive power of the cornea/lens is different in one meridian that another

56
Q

What is accomodation?

A

The ability of the ciliary muscle to contract or relax that zonules, allowing the lens to focus near

57
Q

What are the zonules of the eye?

A

a ring of fibrous strands connecting the ciliary body with the crystalline lens of the eye. These fibers are sometimes collectively referred to as the suspensory ligaments of the lens.

58
Q

What is myopia? Hyperopia?

A

Myopia = nearsightedness (what you are)

Hyperopia = farsightedness

59
Q

What happens to axial length with myopia and hyperopia?

A 
Myopia = axial length too short
Hyperopia = axial length too long
60
Q

When does presbyopia usually present?

A

early 40s

61
Q

Can you halt the progression of presbyopia?

A

No

62
Q

What is the technical definition of legal blindness?

A

20/200

63
Q

What, generally, is LASIK?

A

Laser in situ keratomileusis–flap of cornea cut and lens part fixed with laser

Ophthalmology (14 decks)

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